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Where each of the seven biomes is found
The locations below follow the seven-category framework in National Geographic Society’s “What Makes a Biome?”. Use them as a guide to the dominant environments in a region, not as exact lines on a map.
Tundra
Tundra is found mainly in the far north, in regions with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Alpine tundra also occurs high on mountains, where elevation creates cold conditions even outside the Arctic. Its vegetation is generally sparse and low-growing.
Desert
Deserts occur in both warm and cold climates. Many lie in subtropical regions, but a desert is defined by dryness, not by heat. National Geographic’s educational overview distinguishes hot, semiarid, coastal, and cold deserts.
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Grassland
Grasslands occur on every continent except Antarctica. Tropical grasslands, or savannas, are found nearer the equator, including large areas of Africa and regions of Australia, India, and South America. Temperate grasslands occur farther from the equator. Grasses dominate these open landscapes, though the amount of tree cover varies.
Coniferous forest
Coniferous forests are especially widespread at high northern latitudes. Boreal forests, also called taiga, span northern Russia and Canada, including areas of Siberia, Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada. These forests have long, cold winters and are dominated by conifers and other evergreen trees. Some classification systems treat temperate coniferous forests as a separate type.
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Deciduous forest
Temperate deciduous forests are found in eastern North America, Western Europe, and northeastern Asia. They are characterized by broad-leaved trees, such as maples and oaks, that shed their leaves seasonally.
Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests cluster near the equator, including the Amazon region and other tropical areas. They are warm and wet, with dense tree canopies.
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Aquatic
Aquatic biomes occur worldwide in freshwater and saltwater environments. Freshwater and marine habitats are often treated as separate types; water salinity, depth, and temperature help distinguish them.
Why biome maps and category counts differ
“Seven biomes” is a teaching framework, not a universal scientific list. National Geographic’s overview of five major biome types groups some forest and aquatic environments beneath broader headings, while other systems count six, eight, or more categories. A map’s categories depend on the classification it uses.
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Biome boundaries are also gradual. National Geographic’s MapMaker: Biomes explains that a shaded map region shows its predominant biome, even though characteristics of neighboring biomes may occur there too. The transition zone between biomes is called an ecotone, so a line on a classroom map should not be read as a precise ecological border.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.How much of Earth do some biomes cover?
National Geographic Society’s “The Five Major Types of Biomes,” last updated September 15, 2026, reports that marine biomes cover close to three-quarters of Earth’s surface, forests cover about one-third of Earth, and deserts cover around 20 percent of Earth’s surface. These are approximate figures from that overview, not exact measurements.
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