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One free scan finds every outdated or missing driver and matches the right update for your exact hardware.Free scan · exact hardware matchWebRTC supports three different live-streaming jobs: connecting two peers interactively, sending a producer’s media to a streaming server, and delivering a stream from a service to a viewer. The first relies on application-defined signaling plus ICE; the latter two have HTTP-based protocols called WHIP (published as RFC 9725) and WHEP (described in an Internet-Draft, not a final RFC).
Start with the job: peer connection, ingest, or playback
WebRTC is a collection of browser and application APIs and transport mechanisms for establishing real-time media connections. It is not one complete live-streaming workflow: the signaling channel, media source, server infrastructure, and viewer experience depend on the job being done.
| Workflow | Direction and purpose | How setup is coordinated | Specification status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peer-to-peer WebRTC | Peer to peer; typically an interactive connection | The application exchanges SDP descriptions and ICE candidates through its own signaling channel. ICE checks possible network paths, using configured STUN and, when needed, TURN services. | WebRTC APIs and the W3C WebRTC Recommendation |
| WHIP | Producer or encoder to a media server, streaming service, or CDN | HTTP POST carries an SDP offer to a WHIP endpoint; the response supplies an SDP answer. The peers then establish ICE and DTLS and send media using RTP/RTCP protected with SRTP. | IETF RFC 9725, a Standards Track RFC published in March 2025 |
| WHEP | Streaming service, CDN, or WebRTC Transmission Network to a viewer | An HTTP-based exchange establishes a WebRTC viewer session; ICE-related updates can use HTTP PATCH. | The cited revision, draft-ietf-wish-whep-04, is an Internet-Draft published June 22, 2026—not a finalized RFC. |
These workflows are related by WebRTC transport, but they are not interchangeable. Peer-to-peer setup describes how an application connects participants; WHIP standardizes producer-side ingest; WHEP describes viewer-side egress.
How peer-to-peer WebRTC setup works
1. Exchange an offer and answer through signaling
The initiating peer creates an SDP offer describing the proposed session and sends it to the other peer through an application-controlled signaling channel. That channel might be a web API or RPC mechanism. WebRTC defines the peer-connection APIs, but it does not require a particular signaling server or message format. In many applications, signaling can relay the SDP messages without interpreting their contents.
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The receiving peer applies the offer as its remote description, creates an SDP answer, and returns that answer over the same application signaling path. The initiating peer applies the answer as its remote description. The descriptions communicate session parameters; receiving an answer alone does not prove that the media connection is ready.
2. Exchange ICE candidates
ICE gathers and tests candidate network paths. Each peer sends discovered candidates to the other through signaling. Apply a remote description before passing remote candidates to the peer connection with addIceCandidate(). Offer/answer messages and candidate messages are distinct parts of the setup exchange.
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With trickle ICE, candidates are sent as they become available instead of waiting for gathering to finish. This can reduce connection setup delay. The eventual route depends on the network conditions and the ICE services configured for the session.
3. Establish a usable media path and monitor connection state
STUN is commonly used during connectivity checks. If a direct path is unavailable, TURN can provide a relay path. Once ICE nominates a compatible candidate pair and the secure media connection is established, media can flow. Applications should monitor peer-connection state rather than treating a completed SDP exchange as proof that participants are connected or media is arriving.
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How to send a WebRTC stream to a server with WHIP
WHIP—the WebRTC-HTTP Ingestion Protocol—standardizes an HTTP-based route from a media producer or encoder into a streaming service or CDN. RFC 9725 was published as an IETF Standards Track document in March 2025.
- Configure the producer for a WHIP endpoint. The client needs the endpoint supplied by the receiving service and an SDP offer describing the media session.
- POST the SDP offer. The client sends the offer to the WHIP endpoint in an HTTP POST request. A successful response includes the endpoint’s SDP answer.
- Complete ICE and DTLS setup. The client and endpoint establish connectivity and the secure transport for the session. A successful HTTP exchange is not by itself proof that media is flowing.
- Send media. The producer sends RTP/RTCP protected with SRTP to the media server or service.
- Handle ICE updates when needed. WHIP’s HTTP PATCH mechanism can carry ICE-related updates, including trickle ICE or ICE restarts. The RFC recommends support for trickle ICE and ICE restarts in WHIP sessions and clients. A WHIP endpoint may provide STUN/TURN configuration in its successful response.
Know WHIP’s scope
WHIP deliberately limits session changes after the initial negotiation: it does not support SDP renegotiation or changes to media sections. Its PATCH mechanism is for ICE-related updates, not for renegotiating the media description. This distinction matters when choosing it for a producer workflow: WHIP standardizes ingest setup, but it is not a general-purpose signaling system for every kind of session change.
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How a viewer plays a WebRTC live stream with WHEP
WHEP—the WebRTC-HTTP Egress Protocol—is intended for the other side of a broadcast-style workflow: a viewer establishes a WebRTC session to receive content served by a streaming service, CDN, or WebRTC Transmission Network. The available specification cited here is draft-ietf-wish-whep-04, published June 22, 2026, with an expiry date of December 24, 2026. It is an Internet-Draft, so describe it as a proposal under specification rather than a finalized RFC.
The draft describes an initial SDP offer/answer exchange over HTTP and HTTP PATCH for ICE-related updates. Like WHIP, it does not provide SDP renegotiation after the initial exchange. In broad terms, WHIP carries media toward a service from a producer; WHEP describes a viewer session receiving media from a service.
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Choose the workflow that matches the streaming job
- Use peer-to-peer WebRTC concepts when your application needs to establish a connection between participants and can provide its own signaling path for SDP and ICE messages.
- Use WHIP when a producer or encoder needs a standardized HTTP-based way to ingest WebRTC media into a compatible service or CDN.
- Consider WHEP when a viewer needs HTTP-based WebRTC playback from a compatible streaming service, while checking the specification status and implementation support because the cited document is still an Internet-Draft.
In all three cases, network traversal is part of the design, not an afterthought: ICE tests candidate paths, STUN is commonly involved, and TURN can relay traffic when a direct route is not available. The signaling or HTTP exchange coordinates setup; the selected ICE path and secure media connection are what enable media delivery.
Common setup failures and what to check
- An SDP answer arrives, but media never connects: check peer-connection and ICE state rather than assuming the answer means the connection succeeded. Confirm that candidate exchange is continuing and that a usable candidate pair is nominated.
- Remote candidates are rejected or ineffective: make sure the remote SDP description has been applied before calling
addIceCandidate(). Also verify that signaling is delivering candidates to the intended peer and session. - Connections work on some networks but not others: inspect ICE service configuration. STUN may help discover connectivity options, while TURN supplies a relay path when direct connectivity is unavailable; actual results depend on network conditions and available services.
- Setup waits for gathering to finish: consider trickle ICE so candidates can be exchanged as discovered, rather than holding them until the full gathering phase completes.
- A WHIP or WHEP session cannot adapt after setup: account for the protocols’ limits on renegotiation. Their PATCH mechanism handles ICE-related changes; it does not reopen SDP negotiation or change media sections after the initial exchange.
When an always-on YouTube channel is a different problem
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