Use FFmpeg’s concat demuxer to read a playlist file, then send the resulting output to the ingest URL and stream-key format specified by your streaming platform. There is no universal stream-key position or encoding profile: first confirm the destination’s current requirements, then choose streamcopy or encoding to suit your media and that destination.
Before you build the command
Identify the streaming destination and check its current official instructions for the ingest URL, stream-key format, required protocol, accepted codecs, and recommended encoding settings. FFmpeg can output to supported network protocols, but its documentation does not define one universal key placement or profile for every service. FFmpeg’s protocol documentation describes available protocols; it is not a substitute for your platform’s ingest instructions.
On the Ubuntu VPS, check the installed FFmpeg build and its available protocols and codecs. FFmpeg’s online documentation is regenerated nightly and advises users of older revisions to consult the documentation installed with their version. Ubuntu packages may differ by release, so do not assume every build has identical capabilities. FFmpeg documentation
Create the playlist file
Make a plain-text file, for example /home/ubuntu/playlist.ffconcat, with the concat demuxer header followed by one file entry per item, in playback order:
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ffconcat version 1.0
file '/home/ubuntu/videos/clip-01.mp4'
file '/home/ubuntu/videos/clip-02.mp4'Use paths that exist on the VPS and are readable by the account that runs FFmpeg. Quote paths containing spaces as needed. The concat demuxer’s safe option defaults to 1, which rejects unsafe paths and directives. Absolute paths may require -safe 0; only disable the check for a playlist you control and trust, because unsafe names are then permitted. See the concat demuxer documentation.
Do not assume arbitrary files will join seamlessly. Stream layouts, codecs, and parameters may differ between clips. The concat documentation describes automatic conversion behavior for some H.264-in-MP4 cases, but that does not guarantee compatibility for every playlist. Inspect representative inputs before deciding whether to copy streams or encode them.
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Assemble the FFmpeg command
The following is a template, not a universal ready-to-run command. Replace the bracketed section with stream selection and encoding options required by your destination, and replace the output placeholder with its documented ingest URL and key arrangement:
ffmpeg -re -f concat -safe 0 -i /home/ubuntu/playlist.ffconcat
[stream selection and encoding options required by the destination]
-f flv '[DESTINATION_INGEST_URL_WITH_KEY_AS_DOCUMENTED]'- Input options:
-rereads the input at its native rate for real-time output.-f concatselects the concat demuxer;-safe 0permits the absolute paths in this example, so use it only with a trusted playlist;-inames that playlist. - Stream selection and processing: insert the required
-mapand either streamcopy or encoding options here. FFmpeg options generally apply to the next input or output, so their position matters. - Output:
-f flvis an illustrative muxer choice, not a guarantee that it suits your destination. Set the output protocol, container, ingest address, and key exactly as the platform documents, and confirm your FFmpeg build supports them.
FFmpeg’s command-line manual documents input and output options, explicit stream selection with -map, and streamcopy with -c copy. Read the FFmpeg command-line documentation. Its Ubuntu Noble protocol manpage also shows a real-time RTSP example; that demonstrates a protocol-specific output pattern, not an RTMP stream-key recipe. Ubuntu Noble FFmpeg protocol manpage
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Choose streamcopy or encoding
Streamcopy when the files are compatible
When the playlist’s streams are compatible with each other and accepted by the destination, -c copy can pass packets through without decoding and re-encoding. This avoids an additional encoding step and preserves the existing streams. Streamcopy cannot apply filters, resize video, or convert codecs; it can also fail if the output muxer needs stream information the source does not provide.
Encode when the destination or files require it
If clips have incompatible parameters, or the destination requires different codecs or processing, encode to a profile supported by that service. Select resolution, bitrate, frame rate, audio settings, and keyframe interval from its current instructions rather than guessing: the appropriate values depend on the destination and source media, and no service is specified here.
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Keep the stream key private
A stream key is a credential. Use the exact placement the platform documents, avoid exposing it in screenshots or shared terminal output, and rotate it if it becomes public. Never put a real key in a published example. The destination’s own instructions are the authority for managing and using that key.
Troubleshoot in a useful order
- FFmpeg cannot open a playlist item: check that every path is correct and readable by the FFmpeg process; confirm the quoting for filenames with spaces.
- The concat demuxer rejects paths: its safe-path check is on by default. If absolute paths require
-safe 0, use it only with a playlist you trust. - The output has the wrong stream or no audio: inspect FFmpeg’s startup output to see detected streams, then use explicit
-mapoptions to select the intended video and audio streams. Without explicit mapping, FFmpeg selects streams according to output compatibility. - Protocol or codec is unavailable: verify the installed build includes the protocol and codecs your command requires; consult documentation corresponding to that local build.
- The destination rejects or drops the output: check the ingest URL and key arrangement, protocol, container, codecs, and encoding settings against the destination’s current instructions. Do not assume an RTMP or RTMPS example for one service applies to another.
- Files fail at a clip boundary: inspect the clips’ stream layouts and parameters. If they are not suitable for streamcopy, normalize or encode them to a compatible output.
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