To keep Hindi words visible throughout an FFmpeg YouTube stream, burn a timed subtitle file into the video with FFmpeg’s subtitles or ass filter. For Devanagari to render correctly, the FFmpeg subtitle stack needs complex-script shaping: FFmpeg’s filter documentation says its complex shaping engine requires libass built with HarfBuzz. Burned-in text is part of the picture, not a selectable YouTube caption track.
Choose between visible subtitles and selectable captions
These are different ways of delivering text:
- Burned-in Hindi subtitles: FFmpeg renders the timed text onto the video frames. They are always visible and viewers cannot toggle them off.
- YouTube live captions: Captions are delivered to YouTube through a supported caption method. YouTube documents captions embedded in the video and supported software that sends captions over HTTP POSTs. Its live-caption help page describes an embedded EIA 608/CEA 708 route and says YouTube supports one caption track. See YouTube’s live caption requirements.
A burned-in overlay does not create a selectable caption track. The cited YouTube documentation does not establish that editing an SRT file while FFmpeg is running will turn those changes into a YouTube live caption track. Use the subtitle filter for visible text; for selectable captions, configure a YouTube-supported caption delivery method.
Prepare Hindi subtitle text and FFmpeg
Choose a subtitle format and timing
Prepare Hindi text in a timed format supported by FFmpeg’s subtitles filter, such as SRT, or use ASS if you need explicit styling. Check that the file is saved and encoded correctly and that its timestamps match the video. The filter can only render the text and timing available to it; it does not transcribe live speech.
Check shaping and font support
Use an FFmpeg build that includes the subtitle filter and its libass dependencies. For correctly shaped Devanagari, libass must be built with HarfBuzz so the complex shaping engine is available. The chosen font must also contain the Hindi glyphs used in your subtitle file. If FFmpeg cannot find the font, configure the font directory using the filter option documented in the FFmpeg filter reference, which covers the subtitles and ass filters, font directories and shaping options.
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Apply the Hindi subtitles to the outgoing video
- Select the input: Use your video or other stream input as the FFmpeg input. FFmpeg can read inputs, filter them and send encoded output elsewhere; see the FFmpeg documentation.
- Add the video filter: For an SRT file, the video-filter pattern is
-vf "subtitles=hindi.srt". For an ASS file, use-vf "ass=hindi.ass". Replace the filenames with your actual paths. These are filter examples only, not complete commands for a continuous YouTube stream. - Connect your encoder output: In YouTube Live Control Room, obtain the stream URL and stream key for your stream, then enter them in the FFmpeg output settings. Use your own destination and key; do not reuse a generic example or share the key. YouTube’s encoder setup guide covers connecting an encoder and checking the stream preview.
The filter burns text into the encoded video. It does not send a separate caption track. For command syntax and available filtering options, consult the FFmpeg Filters Documentation and ffmpeg Documentation.
Check the preview before going live
Before starting the public stream, inspect the Live Control Room preview. Confirm that the Devanagari characters are joined and shaped correctly, that the subtitle timing matches the video, and that placement is readable without obscuring important content. YouTube recommends testing before starting and monitoring stream health; its encoder guide and encoder settings guide cover setup, testing and stream health.
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Troubleshoot common Hindi subtitle problems
Hindi letters appear as boxes or missing characters
The selected font may not include the needed Devanagari glyphs, or FFmpeg may not be finding that font. Choose a font with the required glyph coverage and set the documented font directory if needed. The issue can also be in the shaping stack: verify that libass was built with HarfBuzz and that the complex shaping engine is available.
Characters appear separate or incorrectly ordered
Check that the FFmpeg subtitle filter is using the complex shaping engine supported by a HarfBuzz-enabled libass build. Then inspect the actual rendered preview rather than relying only on how the text looks in the subtitle editor.
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Subtitles are mistimed or missing
Verify the subtitle file path, format, encoding and timestamps against the video. The filter renders the timed text supplied to it; it cannot display lines absent from the file or infer their timing from live speech.
Viewers cannot turn the subtitles off
That is expected for burned-in text: it is part of the video image. To offer selectable captions, use a YouTube-supported live caption delivery route instead; a normal FFmpeg overlay is not a caption track.
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