A reliable Puppet module for WordPress should converge a known server state: install the supported PHP, database, and web-server prerequisites; place a pinned WP-CLI binary; download WordPress into a declared document root; render wp-config.php from protected data; create the database; and run wp core install exactly once. The module must also define ownership, ordering, and rerun guards so a second Puppet run repairs drift instead of reinstalling or overwriting the site.
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Choose the target state before writing manifests
Write down what the module owns and what it merely expects. A complete implementation can manage the operating-system packages, service account, web server, PHP runtime, database, virtual host, WP-CLI, WordPress files, database, and initial administrator. A composable implementation usually delegates the web server, PHP, database, account, and virtual host to dedicated modules and owns only the WordPress application layer. The second model is easier to reuse, provided its prerequisites are explicit.
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WordPress currently asks hosts to support PHP 8.3 or later, MariaDB 10.11 or later or MySQL 8.0 or later, HTTPS, and Apache or NGINX. Older combinations such as PHP 7.4 or MySQL 5.5.5 may still run some releases, but they are end-of-life choices and should not be the baseline for a new module. WP-CLI itself requires PHP 7.2.24 or later, so a host can satisfy WP-CLI while still failing WordPress’s preferred support level.
| Component | Module contract | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| PHP | 8.3 or newer for the WordPress host | Provides the supported application runtime; verify the command-line PHP used by WP-CLI is the same compatible version. |
| Database | MariaDB 10.11+ or MySQL 8.0+ | Supplies the tables created by wp core install and the credentials rendered into configuration. |
| Web server | Apache or NGINX with HTTPS | Serves the document root and passes PHP requests through the platform’s chosen integration. |
| Filesystem | Declared document root, owner, group, and modes | Prevents updates from creating mixed ownership and makes drift repairable. |
| WP-CLI | Pinned Phar and checksum | Makes the command sequence reproducible instead of downloading a moving target on every run. |
Expose a typed, reviewable parameter contract
Parameters are the public API of the module. Use Puppet’s data types so invalid values fail during catalog compilation rather than halfway through an installation. At minimum, expose:
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site_url,site_title, andlocale.docroot,owner, andgroup.- PHP and operating-system package versions where your platform supports pinning.
- Database host, name, user, port, and a sensitive password.
- Initial administrator username, email address, and a sensitive password.
- The WordPress version and download policy.
- The WP-CLI source, expected checksum, and install path.
- Whether this module creates the database and user or expects another module to provide them.
- The web-service name used for notifications after configuration changes.
Keep secrets as Sensitive[String] values (or retrieve them from an approved secret backend). Do not place a password in a default parameter, a README example, a Git repository, or an exec command line.
Use Puppet’s normal module layout
Each manifest file should contain one class or defined type. Put static files in files/, generated configuration in templates/, and module metadata at the root. A practical layout is:
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wordpress_install/
├── manifests/
│ ├── init.pp
│ ├── params.pp
│ ├── prerequisites.pp
│ ├── wp_cli.pp
│ ├── database.pp
│ ├── config.pp
│ └── install.pp
├── templates/
│ ├── wp-config.php.epp
│ └── vhost.conf.epp
├── files/
├── metadata.json
├── README.md
└── .pmtignoreUse template() or epp() in a file resource for generated files. Keep platform-specific package names and service names in parameters or operating-system conditionals instead of scattering them through every class.
Compose the prerequisite classes
The top-level class should include prerequisites, WP-CLI, database resources, configuration, and the application install in a deliberate order. A composable module can declare dependencies on Forge modules for Apache or NGINX, PHP, an account, an archive extractor, and a database. It should document exactly what those dependencies create.
For example, an application-only module might require that the caller provide:
- An existing service account and group with access to the document root.
- PHP and the extensions required by the selected WordPress release and database driver.
- A reachable MariaDB or MySQL server, database, and user.
- An Apache or NGINX virtual host terminating HTTPS and pointing at the document root.
- Network access to the approved WP-CLI and WordPress artifacts, or an internal mirror.
An all-in-one module can create those resources itself, but the ownership boundary must be unambiguous. The existing Forge WordPress module pattern is intentionally narrower: it does not create the system account, install PHP, create the database or user, or configure the Apache/NGINX virtual host. Following that boundary avoids two modules fighting over the same resource.
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Install WP-CLI reproducibly
The recommended WP-CLI installation is the Phar build: download it, optionally verify its signature or checksum, mark it executable, and place it on PATH. Pin a known WP-CLI release and checksum in module data. A Puppet run should not silently switch to a new executable because an upstream URL changed.
file { '/usr/local/bin/wp':
ensure => file,
mode => '0755',
source => $wp_cli_source,
checksum => $wp_cli_checksum,
}If your platform does not support a remote file source with the required verification, download the Phar to a staging path with a controlled provider, verify it, and then move it into place. Ensure the command uses the intended PHP binary; a web-server PHP version and a command-line PHP version can differ.
Model the four WP-CLI stages
The official workflow has four distinct operations. Keeping them as separate resources makes failures diagnosable and lets Puppet enforce dependencies.
1. Download WordPress
Use an explicit path, locale, and version. Guard the command with a file that only exists after a successful extraction, such as wp-includes/version.php.
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exec { 'wp core download':
command => "wp core download --path=${docroot} --locale=${locale} --version=${wp_version}",
creates => "${docroot}/wp-includes/version.php",
require => [File[$docroot], File['/usr/local/bin/wp']],
user => $owner,
}Pinning wp_version gives repeatable builds. A policy that tracks the latest release improves patch currency but means convergence can change application code without a module release. If you choose latest, test the resulting catalog and application before production rollout.
2. Render wp-config.php
Render the database host, name, user, password, table prefix, and salts from an EPP template. Set a restrictive mode and the same owner and group expected by the web process. The file must be created after the WordPress files are present and before the install command.
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file { "${docroot}/wp-config.php":
ensure => file,
owner => $owner,
group => $group,
mode => '0640',
content => epp('wordpress_install/wp-config.php.epp', {
'db_name' => $db_name,
'db_user' => $db_user,
'db_password' => $db_password,
'db_host' => $db_host,
}),
require => Exec['wp core download'],
}Do not print the rendered content in reports or debugging output. If the module manages salts, make them stable secret data; regenerating them on every run logs out every user and invalidates existing sessions.
3. Create the database
Use a database resource or a database-management module to create the database, user, and grants. The resource should be idempotent and should run before wp core install. If the database is external, model a relationship to the declared dependency or perform a non-destructive connectivity check; do not make the WordPress module guess credentials.
4. Run the initial install
wp core install creates the WordPress tables and performs the standard installation using the URL, title, locale, and administrator details. A representative resource is:
exec { 'wp core install':
command => "wp core install --path=${docroot} --url=${site_url} --title=${site_title} --admin_user=${admin_user} --admin_email=${admin_email} --locale=${locale}",
creates => "${docroot}/.wordpress-installed",
require => [File["${docroot}/wp-config.php"], Database[$db_name]],
notify => Service[$web_service],
user => $owner,
}The marker must be created only after a successful install. If the command itself does not create it, call a small protected wrapper that runs wp core is-installed and then atomically creates the marker. An alternative is an unless guard that runs wp core is-installed --path=...; this is safer when an administrator may have completed the install outside Puppet.
Make every rerun converge safely
Puppet describes desired state, while several WP-CLI actions are one-time transitions. Bridge that difference deliberately:
- Use
createsfor downloads and other commands with a reliable success artifact. - Use
onlyiforunlessfor state queries such aswp core is-installed. - Require the document root before downloading, WP-CLI before invoking it, the database before installation, and configuration before the install command.
- Declare directory ownership and permissions as ordinary Puppet resources so drift is repaired on every run.
- Notify the web service only when a virtual-host or PHP configuration file changes; do not restart it after every application run.
- Never use an unconditional
execforwp core install; it can overwrite settings or fail because tables already exist.
Consider upgrades separately from first installation. A pinned application version should not change merely because an agent runs. To upgrade intentionally, expose a version parameter and use a guarded command such as wp core update --version=..., with backups and a maintenance procedure outside the initial-install path.
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Protect administrator and database credentials
Command-line arguments can be visible in process listings, shell history, Puppet reports, and audit logs. Do not append either password to the wp core install command. Pass sensitive values through a protected temporary file, an input mechanism supported by the installed WP-CLI version, or a secret backend. The official WP-CLI examples demonstrate redirecting password input from a file to avoid Bash history; the file must be mode-restricted, owned by the correct account, and removed after use.
Keep database credentials in the generated configuration with restrictive permissions. If a secret changes, Puppet should update the file but must not automatically rerun the one-time installation command. Database rotation is an operational procedure: create the new credential, update configuration, test connectivity, then revoke the old one.
Choose ownership and deployment boundaries
| Decision | Composable approach | All-in-one approach |
|---|---|---|
| Web server | Delegate Apache or NGINX, PHP-FPM integration, TLS, and vhost policy. | Create packages, service, HTTPS configuration, and the vhost in this module. |
| Database | Require a database module or managed endpoint and consume its outputs. | Create the database, user, grants, and possibly the database service. |
| Account | Require an existing service account and group. | Create them and own all filesystem permissions. |
| WordPress source | Own only the pinned application files and configuration. | Also own archive handling, update policy, and backup hooks. |
| Failure domain | Smaller catalogs and clearer reuse; integration must be documented. | One entry point, but more platform-specific code and upgrade coupling. |
Apache and NGINX are both robust WordPress choices. Select based on operating-system support, existing virtual-host conventions, PHP-FPM integration, logging, and the team’s operational knowledge rather than changing web servers inside the WordPress class.
Install dependencies through the chosen delivery workflow
For a Puppet agent/server control repository, record module versions and dependencies in the repository’s Puppetfile and deploy through its normal environment promotion process. For a small standalone host, puppet module install can install a module and its dependencies from the Forge or another configured repository. Do not mix ad hoc installation with a code-managed workflow: an operator-installed dependency can drift from the version tested in the control repository.
Keep metadata.json accurate. Declare supported operating systems, Puppet compatibility, and dependency constraints. Put tests, build output, logs, editor files, and local artifacts in .pmtignore or .pdkignore. Remove symlinks before publishing; module builds do not support them and can fail even when the manifest compiles locally.
Validate before applying to production
- Compile the catalog with representative parameters, including a non-default locale, an external database host, and a path containing no trailing slash.
- Run a syntax and lint check, then build the module package to catch metadata, ignored-file, and symlink errors.
- Apply to a disposable host and verify the PHP CLI version, WP-CLI checksum, document-root ownership, HTTPS vhost, and database grants.
- Run Puppet again. The second run should report no download or initial-install action and should not restart the web service unless a configuration changed.
- Delete or alter a managed permission and run Puppet once more to confirm drift repair.
- Test a failed database connection and a failed WordPress download in a non-production environment. Confirm that no success marker is left behind after failure and that a later corrected run can continue.
- Verify that administrator and database passwords do not appear in process listings, Puppet reports, CI logs, or temporary files after cleanup.
Troubleshoot common failures
“wp: command not found”
The executable is not on the PATH used by the exec provider, or the provider is using a different environment. Use the absolute path, declare the file resource as a requirement, and verify its executable mode and PHP interpreter.
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Download repeats on every run
The creates path is wrong, the extraction never writes the expected file, or a later resource removes it. Point the guard at a stable file inside the selected version and inspect the document-root ownership.
Installation says WordPress is already installed
The guard does not reflect the real state. Replace a marker-only check with wp core is-installed, or create the marker after detecting an existing valid installation. Never solve this by forcing table replacement.
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Database authentication fails
Check host, port, TLS requirements, grants for the exact source address, and the password rendered in wp-config.php. Ensure the database resource completes before the install command and that the CLI PHP process can resolve the database hostname.
The site returns a PHP or permission error
Compare the web process’s PHP version and extensions with the CLI environment, then inspect ownership of the document root, wp-content, and the configuration file. The account running PHP must be able to read the application and write only the directories your update policy allows.
A package build fails
Validate metadata.json, remove symlinks, and expand ignore rules for tests, build directories, logs, and local files. Rebuild the package before publishing it to the Forge or your internal repository.
Production readiness checklist
- PHP 8.3 or newer, MariaDB 10.11 or newer or MySQL 8.0 or newer, HTTPS, and Apache or NGINX are documented prerequisites.
- All paths, owners, groups, versions, locales, URLs, and service names are parameters with sensible types.
- WP-CLI and WordPress artifacts are pinned or obtained from an approved mirror with verification.
- The database and web-server ownership boundary is explicit.
wp-config.phpis rendered from sensitive data with restrictive permissions.- Download and install commands have guards and explicit relationships.
- A failed run cannot leave a false success marker.
- A second run is a no-op for one-time operations and repairs ordinary drift.
- Service notifications occur only for relevant configuration changes.
- Metadata, dependencies, ignore files, and package contents pass validation, with no symlinks.
What the finished module should guarantee
Given a host that satisfies the declared prerequisites, the module should produce one known WordPress release at one known path, owned by one known account, connected to one known database, and reachable through the declared HTTPS virtual host. A fresh host should install in dependency order; an interrupted run should resume; and a routine Puppet run should preserve the existing site rather than reinstalling it. That is the practical meaning of repeatable, idempotent WordPress automation with Puppet.
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