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Use Buildbot’s templated systemd units rather than inventing a service name for every instance. Create the master or worker directory first, install the supplied template, then run systemctl daemon-reload and systemctl enable --now [email protected] for a master or systemctl enable --now [email protected] for a worker. Set an explicit PATH, account, working directory and executable path; mismatches in PATH, PYTHONPATH or HOME are common reasons a service works interactively but fails at boot.
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This guide covers upstream installations and Debian package services, including instance creation, template placement, drop-in account settings, verification and failure recovery on a Linux VPS.
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Understand which Buildbot daemon you are running
Buildbot has two separate long-running roles. The master (also called the buildmaster) coordinates schedulers, builders and build requests. The worker connects to a master and performs the commands assigned to it. A worker is lighter and can run in more limited environments, so a VPS commonly runs either a master, a worker, or both on separate machines.
Each role has its own installation command, instance-creation command and systemd template. Do not point a worker unit at a master directory or use the master executable for a worker instance. Decide the role before creating files:
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- For a master, install
buildbot, create the master directory withbuildbot create-master, and use[email protected]. - For a worker, install
buildbot-worker, create the worker directory withbuildbot-worker create-worker, and use[email protected].
Install the component deliberately
Buildbot’s installation documentation uses pip for both components. Install only the role the VPS needs, and choose the version deliberately: distribution packages can lag behind the version published on PyPI.
Master installation
python3 -m pip install buildbotUse the Python interpreter and pip location that will also be available to systemd. If pip installs into /usr/local/bin or a virtual environment, record that path now; it must be reflected in the unit’s PATH and possibly in ExecStart and ExecStop.
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Worker installation
python3 -m pip install buildbot-workerA worker-only VPS does not need the master package merely to connect to an existing master. Keep the installation and service account consistent so that the account launching the daemon can read its instance directory and the installed executable.
Create a dedicated account and instance directory
Run Buildbot as a dedicated, non-login service account rather than as root. The account needs ownership of the instance directory and access to the Buildbot executable, but it should not own unrelated application data.
For a Debian worker service, the documented directory convention is /var/lib/buildbot/workers/$NAME. After creating it, assign ownership to the service account:
mkdir -p /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1
chown -R buildbot: /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1The exact account name can differ in a manual installation. Whatever account you select must be used consistently in the unit’s User=, Group=, WorkingDirectory= and filesystem ownership. A mismatch here produces permission errors before Buildbot can write its PID or log files.
Create the Buildbot instance before enabling systemd
Create a master
Choose an instance name and run the command as the account that will own the master directory:
buildbot create-master /var/lib/buildbot/masters/mainThe name used in the systemd instance must correspond to the directory convention expected by the template. If you prefer a shorter path, use it consistently in the unit and in your deployment documentation. The command creates the configuration skeleton that the master daemon needs; systemd cannot repair a directory that was never initialized.
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Create a worker
Create a worker with the master hostname, worker name and authentication password supplied by the master configuration:
buildbot-worker create-worker /var/lib/buildbot/workers/worker1 master.example worker1 WORKER_PASSWORDThe worker name and password must match the worker definition on the master. Keep the password out of shell history where practical and restrict the instance directory so only the service account can read its configuration.
Use Buildbot’s shipped template units
Buildbot ships systemd template unit files for both roles:
master/contrib/systemd/[email protected]worker/contrib/systemd/[email protected]
The @ marks an instance template. When you start [email protected], systemd substitutes main for %i wherever the template uses the instance identifier. One template can therefore serve several masters or workers without copying and renaming an entire unit file.
Install the appropriate template where systemd can load it, commonly /etc/systemd/system for a locally managed unit. Preserve the @ in the filename: [email protected] is the template, while [email protected] is the instantiated service. The shipped template is the authoritative starting point for your installed Buildbot version; inspect it before adapting paths or directives.
Set paths, users and dependencies explicitly
A systemd process does not inherit the interactive shell environment you used while testing Buildbot. Define the executable path, account and working directory in the unit instead of relying on login-shell startup files.
For a worker, Buildbot specifically recommends considering a fixed PATH through the systemd Environment directive. This matters when the worker was installed in /usr/local or inside a virtual environment. Use the actual installation path on your VPS; the following value is illustrative:
Environment="PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"If the installation uses a virtual environment, place that environment’s bin directory first. If Buildbot or a build command depends on PYTHONPATH or HOME, define those values explicitly as well. Do not copy an example path without checking where buildbot or buildbot-worker is installed.
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A minimal worker unit pattern
The following is an editorial pattern showing the important fields. It is not a verbatim vendor unit. Compare it with the template shipped by your Buildbot release and verify executable paths and daemon behavior before deploying it.
[Unit]
Description=Buildbot worker instance %i
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=forking
User=buildbot
Group=buildbot
WorkingDirectory=/var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
Environment="PATH=/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin"
ExecStart=/usr/bin/buildbot-worker start /var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
ExecStop=/usr/bin/buildbot-worker stop /var/lib/buildbot/workers/%i
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetWhat each field controls
After=network-online.targetandWants=network-online.targetexpress that the worker should start after the network-online target is requested. They do not configure networking themselves.Type=forkingmatches a daemon that backgrounds itself when started. Confirm this behavior for the installed Buildbot version before retaining the setting.User=andGroup=prevent the daemon from running as root and must match directory ownership.WorkingDirectory=points at the instance selected by%i.ExecStart=andExecStop=must name real executables and pass the same instance directory created earlier.WantedBy=multi-user.targetmakes the unit eligible for normal multi-user boot after it is enabled.
Reload, enable and start the instance
After copying or editing a unit, reload systemd’s unit database. Then enable the specific instance and start it immediately:
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sudo systemctl daemon-reload - Enable and start a master:
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected] - Enable and start a worker:
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected]
enable --now performs two separate actions: it creates the boot-time enablement and starts the service in the current boot. If you only edit an already loaded unit, run daemon-reload before restarting so systemd is using the new definition.
Debian package services and drop-ins
Debian package users may already have the templated service names buildbot@$NAME.service and buildbot-worker@$NAME.service. The naming convention is similar to the upstream templates, but package-managed directories and defaults can differ from a pip installation.
Keep local account changes in a drop-in rather than editing the package-owned unit. For a master instance named main, create:
/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/user.confFor a worker named worker1, use the analogous directory:
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/etc/systemd/system/[email protected]/user.confEach user.conf should contain a service section with the account settings:
[Service]
User=buildbot
Group=buildbotAfter adding a drop-in, reload systemd and restart the affected instance. A drop-in changes only the selected instance, which is safer when several package-managed masters or workers run under different accounts.
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Verify the service and Buildbot’s own artifacts
Start diagnosis with systemd’s view of the unit:
sudo systemctl status [email protected]
sudo systemctl status [email protected]Use the command for the role you configured, and read the result carefully. It shows whether systemd loaded the expected template, which command it attempted, the exit status and recent messages.
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twistd.pidrecords the daemon’s process ID when startup succeeds far enough to create it.twistd.logcontains Buildbot/Twisted startup and runtime messages.
Inspect the instance’s twistd.log alongside systemctl status. If no log is created, investigate the unit command, account, working directory and permissions first; the daemon may be failing before it can initialize its own logging.
Diagnose common startup failures
“Executable file not found” or status 203/EXEC
Check the path in ExecStart and ExecStop. A pip installation may place binaries in /usr/local/bin, while a virtual environment uses its own bin directory. Run the executable as the service account using its absolute path, then update the unit. Adding a directory to PATH helps commands launched by Buildbot, but it does not correct a wrong absolute path in ExecStart.
The command works over SSH but fails at boot
This usually indicates an environment mismatch. systemd does not source the account’s shell profile. Define a deterministic PATH with Environment=, and set PYTHONPATH or HOME only when the installation requires them. Make sure the account used for the interactive test is the same account named by User=.
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Check ownership and every parent directory in the configured WorkingDirectory. For the Debian worker convention, reapply chown -R buildbot: to /var/lib/buildbot/workers/$NAME using the actual instance name. Confirm that the service account can create or update twistd.pid and twistd.log.
The worker cannot connect to its master
Verify the hostname, worker name and password supplied to buildbot-worker create-worker against the master’s worker definition. Confirm that the service starts after the network is available and that the worker’s instance directory contains the generated configuration. A running process with an authentication or hostname error is a Buildbot configuration problem rather than a systemd enablement problem.
systemd still uses an old unit
Run systemctl daemon-reload after every unit or drop-in edit, then restart the exact instance. Check the status output to ensure systemd loaded the intended file and instance name. Editing a template does not change a running process until that instance is restarted.
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The service exits immediately
Compare the unit’s Type=, start command and stop command with the shipped template for your Buildbot release. The illustrative pattern assumes a forking daemon. If the installed command behaves differently, the service type or command may need to match the vendor template instead of the example.
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Before replacing Buildbot’s template, compare the two definitions line by line. The following are the decision points that affect reliability:
| Area | What to verify |
|---|---|
| Executable | The absolute paths resolve to the installed buildbot or buildbot-worker commands. |
| Working directory | The directory is the instance created by the matching Buildbot command and is writable by the service account. |
| Instance naming | The @ template and %i substitution select the same name used in the directory and enable command. |
| Account | User=, Group= and filesystem ownership agree. |
| Environment | PATH is deterministic; add PYTHONPATH or HOME only when required by the installation. |
| Start and stop behavior | Type=, ExecStart= and ExecStop= match the daemon behavior documented for the installed version. |
| Dependencies | Network ordering and any package-specific dependencies are preserved from the shipped unit. |
| Logging | The instance directory is available so Buildbot can create twistd.log and twistd.pid. |
This comparison is especially important when moving between a pip installation and Debian packages: the service names may look alike, while executable locations, directories and account defaults differ.
Run more than one Buildbot instance
Template units are designed for multiple instances. Give each instance a distinct directory and name, then enable each name separately:
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected]
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected]
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected]
sudo systemctl enable --now [email protected]Do not reuse one directory for two instances. Separate directories keep configuration, PID files and logs from colliding. If two instances need different accounts or environments, use per-instance drop-ins and verify each resulting unit with systemctl status.
Safe update and recovery workflow
- Stop the affected instance before changing its executable, Python environment or directory layout.
- Back up the instance configuration and note the currently working command and account.
- Install or upgrade the intended Buildbot component, checking where the new executable was placed.
- Update the template or an instance drop-in, preserving the shipped unit’s role-specific behavior.
- Run
sudo systemctl daemon-reload. - Start the exact instance with
sudo systemctl restart [email protected]orsudo systemctl restart [email protected]. - Read
systemctl statusand the instance’stwistd.log; if startup fails, revert the last path or environment change before making another change.
Keeping the instance name stable lets you change the implementation without changing boot enablement. If you rename an instance, create or move the matching directory, enable the new template instance and disable the old one explicitly.
Deployment checklist
- Correct role installed:
buildbotfor a master orbuildbot-workerfor a worker. - Dedicated service account exists and owns the instance directory.
- Master or worker instance was created before systemd was enabled.
- Correct shipped template selected:
master/contrib/systemd/[email protected]orworker/contrib/systemd/[email protected]. - Template filename retains the
@, and the enable command includes the instance name. WorkingDirectory,ExecStartandExecStoppoint to real paths.PATHis explicit, with any requiredPYTHONPATHorHOMEvalues defined.- Network ordering and daemon type agree with the installed Buildbot version.
- Systemd was reloaded after edits.
systemctl status,twistd.pidandtwistd.loghave been checked after the first start.
The reliable pattern is simple: initialize the correct Buildbot role, use the matching templated unit, make the runtime environment explicit, and enable the named instance only after its directory and permissions are ready. That approach works for a single VPS deployment and scales to multiple masters or workers without duplicating service definitions.
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