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What this deployment does
Apache receives the HTTP request for your domain. Passenger, loaded into Apache, starts and supervises the Rails application process, selects the Ruby interpreter configured for the virtual host, and forwards dynamic requests to Rails. Static files can be served directly from the Rails public directory. This arrangement keeps the web server, application code, Ruby runtime, and database on one VPS while leaving you responsible for operating all of them.
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Passenger’s installation and deployment documentation covers the Apache integration and the virtual-host layout. It does not constitute a complete security, HTTPS, backup, monitoring, or release-management runbook. Treat those as separate production work.
Decide the layout before installing anything
Minimum prerequisites
| Requirement | What you need to decide |
|---|---|
| VPS operating system | Use a currently supported Linux distribution and its package manager. Passenger package names and repository identifiers change, so select the distribution in Passenger’s current installation selector. |
| Administrative access | An SSH account with sudo privileges. Do not run the Rails application as root. |
| Web server | Apache installed and able to bind the HTTP port. |
| Ruby | The Ruby version required by the application’s lockfile and Rails version. There may be more than one Ruby on the machine. |
| Application dependencies | Git, compiler/build prerequisites required by native gems, Bundler, and any JavaScript or asset tooling required by the application. |
| Database | The database service and client libraries required by the app. The Rails application determines the engine, database name, user, migrations, and connection settings. |
| Public name | A DNS record that resolves the intended hostname to the VPS address. You can test by IP first, but the final virtual host should use the real name. |
Reserve a persistent application path such as /var/www/myapp. Keeping code outside a temporary build directory prevents a reboot, cleanup job, or package update from deleting the deployed application.
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Provision Apache, Ruby, Git, and the database
Connect to the server over SSH and update the operating system using its normal security-update process. On a Debian- or Ubuntu-family system, the first package operation is typically:
sudo apt updateInstall Apache and Git with the distribution package manager, then install the Ruby runtime and build prerequisites required by the chosen Passenger route and by your Gemfile. Package names differ across distributions and releases; use the current Passenger installation selector rather than copying an old repository line. Install the database service required by the application and verify that it starts at boot.
Do not assume that the Ruby used by your interactive shell is the Ruby Passenger will use. A system Ruby, an rbenv Ruby, and an RVM Ruby can coexist. Record the full path of the interpreter that can load your application’s bundle; you will place that path in PassengerRuby.
Install Passenger as an Apache integration
Passenger is not merely a gem that Rails loads. Apache must load Passenger’s module, and the module must be configured before Apache can launch the app.
Route 1: RubyGems module build
- Install the Passenger gem using the Ruby environment intended for the server.
- Run
passenger-install-apache2-module. The installer checks prerequisites and builds the Apache module. - At the end, copy the generated Apache configuration snippet into the appropriate Apache configuration. The snippet includes
LoadModule,PassengerRoot, and related directives; use the paths printed for your machine rather than inventing them.
This route gives you control over the Passenger build, but you must maintain the gem and the generated Apache configuration yourself.
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Route 2: Passenger’s distribution repository
Use Passenger’s current repository instructions for the exact Linux distribution and release, install the packaged Apache module, and let the package manager track its files. Repository distribution identifiers and prerequisite package names change over time, so an instruction written for another release can install the wrong module or fail signature checks.
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Restart Apache after installing the module. Then run Passenger’s official validation command:
sudo /usr/bin/passenger-config validate-installComplete the checks it reports. If the command is not at that path, locate the Passenger executable installed by your package or Ruby environment and use the equivalent command. A successful gem installation without a successful Apache load is not a working deployment.
Create a non-root deployment user and retrieve the code
Create a dedicated account for the application. It should own the release files and have only the permissions needed to deploy and run the app; it should not be your SSH administrator account and should not be root.
- Create the persistent directory:
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/myapp- Assign it to the deployment account (the example account is
myappuser):
sudo chown myappuser: /var/www/myapp- Check out the application as that user. The official layout places the Git working tree in a
codesubdirectory:
cd /var/www/myapp
sudo -u myappuser -H git clone https://github.com/username/myapp.git codeReplace the repository URL, branch, and account with your own values. If the server should deploy a specific branch or tag, check out that revision explicitly and document how it is changed. Keep secrets out of the repository.
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Prepare Rails for production
Run the following operations as the deployment user, from the application directory, using the Ruby and Bundler versions required by the project:
- Install the bundle according to the application’s deployment policy, commonly excluding development and test groups.
- Set production credentials, environment variables, and any service endpoints through the mechanism chosen by the application. Do not put database passwords or master keys in a public Git repository.
- Compile assets when the Rails version and asset pipeline require it.
- Create the production database and run the application’s migrations or release task.
- Verify file and directory ownership for anything Rails must write, such as logs, uploads, caches, or temporary files. Grant only the required write access.
There is no universal Rails command sequence for these steps: Rails versions, asset systems, credentials handling, and database adapters differ. Follow the application’s own release instructions and confirm that its production environment can boot before exposing it through Apache.
Choose the Ruby interpreter Passenger will run
When one Ruby is installed, the default may be sufficient. When several are installed, set the interpreter explicitly. Use Passenger’s tooling and the Ruby environment manager on the VPS to determine the absolute executable path that matches the application’s bundle, then put that path in the virtual host as PassengerRuby.
The path must be usable by the Apache process. A Ruby executable inside a user’s version-manager directory can fail if Apache cannot traverse the parent directories or read the installed gems. Test the path as the deployment user and check permissions before blaming Rails for a boot error.
Configure an Apache virtual host for a root deployment
Create a site configuration using the following pattern. Replace the hostname, application path, and Ruby path:
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<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName yourserver.com
DocumentRoot /var/www/myapp/code/public
PassengerRuby /path-to-ruby
<Directory /var/www/myapp/code/public>
Options -MultiViews
# Apache 2.4+:
Require all granted
# Apache 2.2 or configurations using access_compat:
# Allow from all
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>Why each directive matters
ServerName: selects this host when the request’s hostname matches. The DNS record must point to the VPS.DocumentRoot: ends in/public, the Rails application’s public subdirectory. Pointing at the repository root exposes the wrong directory and prevents Passenger’s expected layout from working.PassengerRuby: selects the Ruby command for this virtual host instead of relying on an ambiguous system default.Options -MultiViews: disables Apache content negotiation that can intercept extensionless Rails routes.- Directory authorization: Apache 2.4 uses
Require all granted. Older Apache configurations useAllow from all; do not add obsolete directives blindly to a modern server unless its compatibility module is enabled.
Keep the application directory itself outside the web root; only the public directory is the document root. Passenger still needs to read the application code and its bundle, so filesystem permissions must allow the Apache/Passenger process to traverse and read those paths.
Enable the site, check syntax, and restart Apache
- Place the virtual-host file in the distribution’s Apache sites-available directory, or in the configuration location used by your distribution.
- Enable the site with the distribution’s Apache tooling if it uses a sites-enabled mechanism.
- Check the complete Apache configuration before disrupting the running service:
sudo apachectl configtestSome distributions provide apache2ctl instead of apachectl. Continue only when the result reports a valid configuration. Fix a missing module, malformed directive, duplicate listener, or incorrect path before restarting.
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sudo systemctl restart apache2Check the service status immediately after the restart. A failed restart means the old worker may still be serving traffic or the site may be unavailable; read the Apache error output before making another change.
Host a second Rails app under a sub-URI
A root virtual host is the simpler arrangement. If an application must live below a path such as /blog on an existing hostname, Passenger documents a different configuration using Alias, PassengerBaseURI, and PassengerAppRoot:
Alias /blog /var/www/myapp/code/public
<Location /blog>
PassengerBaseURI /blog
PassengerAppRoot /var/www/myapp/code
</Location>
<Directory /var/www/myapp/code/public>
Options -MultiViews
Require all granted
</Directory>Use a matching Directory block for the second application’s public directory and ensure the Rails application is configured to generate URLs correctly below the chosen base path. Sub-URI hosting adds routing and asset-prefix concerns; a separate hostname and root virtual host is usually easier to reason about when you control DNS.
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Verify the request path from DNS to Rails
Verification should isolate one layer at a time rather than treating a browser error as proof that Rails is broken.
- Apache: confirm the service is active and that
configtestsucceeds. - DNS: resolve the public hostname and confirm it returns the VPS address. If DNS has not propagated, test with the correct host header only in a controlled way; do not mistake the default Apache page for an application response.
- Virtual host selection: request the hostname and confirm Apache serves this site’s content rather than its default page.
- Passenger: use Passenger’s status and troubleshooting utilities where installed to see whether an application process was spawned and which Ruby it selected.
- Rails: inspect the Apache error log and the application’s production log for boot exceptions, missing gems, invalid credentials, migration failures, or asset errors.
- Database: test the production connection using the application’s supported task or health check. A web server can be healthy while every Rails request fails because the database is unavailable.
| Symptom | Likely checks |
|---|---|
| Default Apache page | The hostname does not match ServerName, the site is not enabled, or another virtual host is first. |
| Apache will not restart | Run apachectl configtest; check module names, directive spelling, duplicate listeners, and file paths. |
| Passenger application does not boot | Verify PassengerRuby, bundle installation, application ownership, readable parent directories, credentials, and the production log. |
| 403 Forbidden | Check Apache’s authorization directive and every filesystem directory permission between /var/www and the public directory. |
| 404 for Rails routes | Confirm DocumentRoot is the app’s public directory, MultiViews is disabled, and the request reached the intended virtual host. |
| 500 or 503 response | Read Apache and Rails logs first; common causes include a failed boot, missing gem, unavailable database, invalid secret, or a Ruby mismatch. |
Release new code without turning the VPS into a one-off
A first boot is only the starting point. Define a repeatable release sequence before accepting real traffic. A conservative manual sequence is:
- Fetch the intended Git revision as the deployment user.
- Install or update the locked bundle with the selected Ruby.
- Set or verify environment variables and credentials without printing secrets to the terminal or logs.
- Run the application’s asset compilation and database migration/release tasks when required.
- Check ownership and permissions for generated files.
- Use Passenger’s restart mechanism or restart Apache only when the application’s deployment method requires it, then make a health request and inspect logs.
For safer releases, build dependencies and assets in a separate release directory, switch a stable symlink, and retain the previous release for rollback. That pattern is an operational choice rather than a Passenger requirement; implement it only if your application and backup strategy support it.
Installation and architecture choices
| Choice | Advantages | Trade-offs |
|---|---|---|
| Passenger package repository | Distribution-managed files and upgrades; simpler integration with the operating system. | Repository instructions and supported distribution identifiers must be kept current; less control over the build. |
| Passenger gem plus Apache module build | Control over the Passenger version and build process; installer reports the exact Apache snippet. | More manual maintenance of prerequisites, module paths, and upgrades. |
| System Ruby | Fewer moving parts and straightforward service paths. | May not match the Ruby version pinned by the application. |
| Version-managed Ruby | Allows the app to use its required Ruby independently of the OS default. | Apache must be able to access the version-manager path, and upgrades need an explicit PassengerRuby change or stable interpreter path. |
| Root virtual host | Simple DNS, Apache, asset, and Rails URL behavior. | Usually one app per hostname unless you add more virtual hosts. |
| Sub-URI deployment | Can place multiple apps below one hostname. | Requires Alias, PassengerBaseURI, PassengerAppRoot, and application URL-base coordination. |
| Self-managed VPS | Full control of Apache, Ruby, Passenger, filesystem, and database. | You operate patching, logs, backups, TLS, monitoring, scaling, and recovery. |
Production responsibilities outside the basic Passenger recipe
Before calling the site production-ready, add the controls that the basic Apache/Passenger examples do not supply:
- Terminate HTTPS and redirect HTTP according to your chosen certificate and renewal process.
- Restrict SSH, keep the operating system and Passenger packages patched, and remove unused services.
- Back up the database, uploaded files, credentials, and deployment configuration; test restoration rather than merely creating archives.
- Monitor Apache, Passenger, disk space, memory, database health, and application errors.
- Set log retention so a busy app cannot fill the VPS disk.
- Define rollback and database-migration procedures before a failed release occurs.
- Document DNS changes, Ruby upgrades, Passenger upgrades, and the exact command sequence used for a release.
The cited deployment material establishes the Apache integration, filesystem layout, and virtual-host requirements. It does not provide a complete security or uptime guarantee, and no particular VPS size, Rails version, Ruby version, database engine, or application has been tested here.
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Final deployment checklist
- Apache, Ruby, Git, build prerequisites, and the application’s database service are installed.
- Passenger’s Apache module is installed, Apache has been restarted, and
passenger-config validate-installpasses. - A dedicated deployment user owns a persistent path such as
/var/www/myapp. - The application code and production bundle are present, and credentials and database preparation are complete.
PassengerRubynames the intended executable and Apache can traverse its path.- The virtual host’s
DocumentRootends in the Rails app’spublicdirectory. - The public directory allows Apache access and has
Options -MultiViews. - The site is enabled,
apachectl configtestsucceeds, and Apache restarts cleanly. - DNS resolves to the VPS, the request selects the intended virtual host, and logs show a successful Rails boot.
- HTTPS, backups, monitoring, patching, and a rollback procedure are planned before production traffic.
The Bottom Line
For a dependable Rails-on-VPS deployment, install and validate Passenger inside Apache, deploy the code under a dedicated user, point the virtual host at public, set the correct PassengerRuby, and verify the full DNS-to-database request path before adding production traffic.
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