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What DNSControl does on a Linux VPS
DNSControl is “Infrastructure as Code for DNS.” You describe registrars, DNS providers, domains and records in JavaScript, and DNSControl compares that declaration with the live provider before making changes. The project says it runs anywhere Go runs, including Linux, macOS and Windows. A VPS is useful when you want a persistent, locked-down host for scheduled previews, approved pushes and audit logs, but the same project can also run in CI or a container.
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The important separation is between desired state and access:
dnsconfig.jsis the human-reviewed declaration of records and provider assignments.creds.json(or equivalent injected secrets) tells DNSControl how to authenticate to each provider.previewcalculates and prints the required changes without applying them.pushexecutes those changes against live DNS.
Keep the declaration in version control, keep credentials out of plaintext Git, and treat every push as a production change. The project overview and release information are at the DNSControl getting-started guide, the releases page and the source repository.
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Choose an installation method
Official documentation lists four routes: Homebrew on Linux, a Docker image, downloadable Linux packages or binaries, and a build with Go. Pick one method for the VPS, document the exact version, and verify it immediately with dnscontrol version. The releases page currently shows v5.1.0; release data changes, so check the page again when you pin or upgrade.
| Method | What you manage | Best fit | Operational consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| Linux package or binary | A host-installed DNSControl executable | A small dedicated VPS with systemd, cron or a deployment script | Pin the downloaded release and record its checksum or package version |
| Docker | The official container image and a mounted project directory | Reproducible runs and CI-like execution on a general-purpose VPS | Mount only the project and required secret files; do not bake credentials into the image |
| Homebrew on Linux | The Homebrew-managed formula and its version | Hosts already standardized on Homebrew | Include the brew formula version in your change records and upgrade plan |
| Go source build | Go toolchain, source revision and resulting binary | Teams that need a controlled build pipeline or patched source | Pin the source revision and Go toolchain; rebuilding without pins can change behavior |
Package or binary workflow
Create a private working directory, install DNSControl using the official package or binary instructions, and confirm that the executable is available:
mkdir -p ~/dnscontrol && cd ~/dnscontrol
# install dnscontrol using the chosen official package, binary, Homebrew, or Go method
dnscontrol versionRun this as the dedicated deployment account rather than as root. If you later upgrade, record the old and new versions and run a full preview before permitting a push.
Container workflow
From the directory containing your DNSControl project, the official image can run a preview with the directory mounted at /dns:
docker run --rm -it -v "$PWD:/dns" ghcr.io/DNSControl/dnscontrol previewFor unattended jobs, replace the interactive flags with your scheduler’s non-interactive invocation and mount a read-only project where possible. Supply credentials through a protected file or environment mechanism rather than adding them to the image or command history.
Lay out the project and protect credentials
A minimal declaration names a registrar, a DNS provider and the records for a domain. This example is deliberately generic; provider names, credential keys and supported record syntax vary, so confirm them in the provider documentation and the official provider matrix before using it in production.
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var DSP_PROVIDER = NewDnsProvider("provider_main");
D("example.com", REG_NONE, DnsProvider(DSP_PROVIDER),
A("@", "203.0.113.10"),
CNAME("www", "@"),
MX("@", 10, "mail.example.net.")
);The corresponding credentials file can refer to an environment variable instead of embedding the token:
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{
"provider_main": {
"TYPE": "CLOUDFLAREAPI",
"apitoken": "$DNS_API_TOKEN"
}
}The official walkthrough explicitly says: “Do not store your creds.json file in Git unencrypted.” Keep it outside the repository, generate it at deployment time, or inject values through environment variables and a secret manager. On a VPS, make the deployment identity the only account that can read the file:
- Use a dedicated Unix user with no interactive shell requirement for the scheduled job.
- Store a local credentials file outside the Git checkout, owned by that user and readable only by it.
- Prefer short-lived or narrowly scoped provider tokens where the provider supports them.
- Grant access only to the target zones and operations needed for the job.
- Keep generated previews, logs and exported zones out of public repositories because they can disclose internal names or operational details.
Do not put a token in a command-line argument: process listings and shell history can expose it. If a secret manager supplies DNS_API_TOKEN, make sure the scheduler receives that environment variable without printing its value in diagnostic output.
Initialize a new project
dnscontrol init is the fastest starting point when you are building a declaration from scratch. Its interactive wizard asks for the DNS provider and registrar, verifies credentials and writes starter creds.json and dnsconfig.js files.
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- Run
dnscontrol init. - Select the provider and registrar that actually host the zone, then complete the credential check.
- Open the generated files and replace starter values with the real domain and records.
- Run
dnscontrol check-credsbefore attempting a preview.
Initialization does not make the declaration safe by itself. Check every record type, owner name, target, TTL and provider-specific option before putting the files under review.
Move an existing zone into dnsconfig.js
For a live domain, start with an export or backup from the current provider. Then use dnscontrol get-zones to query the provider and produce a first-draft configuration. The command can save substantial typing, but its output is an import draft, not an approval to overwrite production.
- Export the current zone from the provider or save its authoritative record listing. Preserve the export with a timestamp so you can recover the pre-migration state.
- Confirm that the provider supports
get-zonesin the provider matrix. - Run
dnscontrol get-zonesusing the provider credentials and capture the generated configuration. - Compare imported records with the export, paying special attention to apex records, trailing dots on fully qualified names, TTLs, MX priorities, TXT quoting and wildcard labels.
- Check records that are generated or managed outside the DNS provider, such as verification records, delegated subdomains and provider-specific settings.
- Format and review the resulting
dnsconfig.js, then run a preview limited to the migrated domain.
Imported configurations can expose differences that are easy to miss in a browser console: an apex name represented as @ versus the full domain, a target that needs a trailing dot, or a provider default that was not explicit in the old interface. Resolve each difference before the first push. If the matrix does not list get-zones for your provider, build the declaration from the provider’s export and validate records individually instead of assuming the command will work.
Understand preview, push and the safe change loop
The command reference defines the distinction precisely: “preview reads the dnsconfig.js file (or equivalent), determines what changes are to be made, and prints them.” push performs the same calculation and executes the changes. Read the complete preview/push reference before scripting either command.
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Run credential and syntax checks first
dnscontrol check-credsThis catches authentication or credential-definition problems before you interpret a DNS diff. It does not replace a provider-side review of permissions or a backup of the live zone.
Preview the complete intended change
dnscontrol preview --full --config dnsconfig.js --creds creds.jsonRead every addition, modification, deletion, delegation change and provider name. A clean preview means the declaration and live provider agree; a non-empty preview is not automatically wrong, but every line must be intentional.
Use scoped previews during a staged rollout
--domains limits a run to selected domains and --providers limits it to selected providers. These switches let you migrate one zone or provider at a time while the rest of the project remains unchanged. Use --no-populate when you do not want DNSControl to create a missing zone automatically.
Push only an approved diff
dnscontrol push --full --config dnsconfig.js --creds creds.jsonRun this only after the preview has been reviewed by the person responsible for the zone. Schedule pushes inside a maintenance window when a record change could affect traffic, mail delivery or certificate validation. Keep the exported pre-change zone and the exact Git revision used for the push so you can reconstruct what was applied.
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Fail a drift check when changes appear
dnscontrol preview --expect-no-changes --config dnsconfig.js --creds creds.jsonUse this in a scheduled, read-only job. A non-zero result when drift exists should alert an operator or open a review; it should not silently push corrections. Decide in advance which external changes are legitimate and update the declaration through the normal review process.
Check provider capabilities before you commit to a workflow
DNSControl’s provider matrix records support for operations such as zone discovery, domain creation, dual-host operation, DNSSEC and concurrency. It also distinguishes official from community support. Official support means releases are gated by integration tests and maintainers prioritize fixes; community support can still be useful but deserves additional validation in your environment.
| Capability to verify | Why it affects deployment | Where to check |
|---|---|---|
get-zones |
Determines whether an existing zone can be turned into a first draft automatically | Provider matrix |
| Zone or domain creation | Controls whether a push can create a missing zone or must target a pre-created one | Provider matrix and provider documentation |
| Dual-host operation | Matters when the same domain must be managed across two DNS hosts during a transition | Provider matrix |
| DNSSEC | Determines whether DNSSEC state can be declared and changed through DNSControl or needs a separate process | Provider matrix |
| Concurrency verification | Indicates whether parallel operations have been tested for the provider | Provider matrix and the command reference |
Do not infer support from a similar provider or from a successful read operation. A provider may support record updates but not zone creation, DNSSEC or import. Record the matrix status in your runbook and test a non-production zone before enabling a new operation.
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The command reference documents --cmode concurrent, none and all. none runs sequentially and is the safest choice when you suspect a concurrency problem. all is unsafe for ordinary operations and is intended for reproducing bugs. Use the provider’s verified status and the command’s default behavior rather than forcing all to make a job appear faster.
- Start with the default mode for a provider listed as verified.
- Choose
--cmode nonewhile diagnosing rate limits, ordering dependencies or inconsistent provider responses. - Use
--cmode concurrentonly when the provider and your change set have been tested with parallel operations. - Reserve
--cmode allfor controlled bug reproduction, never for a routine production push.
Harden the VPS before automating DNS
A DNS deployment account is a high-impact identity: a stolen token can redirect web traffic, break mail or defeat domain verification. Keep the host small and purpose-built.
- Run DNSControl under a dedicated Unix account; do not grant it broad administrative privileges.
- Restrict SSH to the operators or automation network that needs it, and use key-based authentication.
- Apply operating-system and container updates on a defined maintenance schedule.
- Store tokens in a secret manager or protected environment and give each token only the scopes required for its zones.
- Keep the Git checkout private and exclude
creds.json, exported zones and generated reports from public repositories. - Separate read-only preview credentials from push credentials when the provider allows it.
- Log command results, the configuration revision and the approving operator, but redact tokens and sensitive record values.
- Test recovery by restoring the saved zone declaration or applying a known-good revision in a non-production zone.
Build a reviewable preview-and-push pipeline
The project highlights variables, macros, transforms, multi-provider uploads, Git history and CI/CD review. Those features are most valuable when the workflow has a hard boundary between proposing and applying a change.
Pull request or change review
- Commit the edited
dnsconfig.jsand any reusable macros to a private repository. - Run
dnscontrol check-credsand a full preview in a protected environment that receives credentials at runtime. - Publish the preview diff as a review artifact, with secrets removed.
- Require an owner of the affected domain to approve additions, modifications and deletions.
- Merge only the revision that produced the reviewed preview.
Controlled production push
- Fetch the approved revision on the VPS or invoke a protected CI runner.
- Inject push-capable credentials from the secret store; never commit them with the declaration.
- Run the same full preview again so the approval matches the current live state.
- Abort if unexpected changes appear, the provider reports a capability or permission error, or the live zone changed during review.
- Run
dnscontrol pushand retain the command output, revision and timestamp. - Run a post-change preview or an external DNS resolution check appropriate to the affected records.
Scheduled drift detection
Schedule preview --expect-no-changes with read-only credentials. Alert on any proposed correction rather than automatically applying it. This catches console edits, provider-side automation and accidental changes while leaving a human in control of the repair.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
Credentials fail before preview
Run dnscontrol check-creds, verify the provider type and credential-key names, and confirm that the environment variable is present for the account running the job. Check token scope and zone access at the provider. Avoid “fixing” the problem by placing the token in dnsconfig.js or a shell command.
The preview shows unexpected deletions
Stop before push. Compare the declaration with the saved provider export, inspect apex and wildcard names, and check whether the imported zone omitted provider-managed records. Confirm that the selected provider and domain are correct and that a scoped --domains preview is not hiding related changes.
A zone would be created unexpectedly
Use --no-populate when the workflow must never create missing zones automatically. Verify that the registrar and DNS provider assignments in dnsconfig.js match the intended delegation, then create or delegate the zone through the provider’s documented process if necessary.
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A provider rejects parallel operations
Retry the preview or push with --cmode none and inspect rate-limit or ordering errors. Check the provider’s concurrency status in the matrix. Do not switch to --cmode all; the reference describes that mode as unsafe and intended for reproducing bugs.
Imported records do not match the old console
Look for TTL defaults, trailing dots, quoted TXT content, MX priorities, aliases and provider-specific records. Compare with the original export and authoritative responses, then edit the declaration explicitly. A visually similar record in a web console is not proof that its owner name or target is identical.
A practical first deployment checklist
- Confirm the VPS account, SSH restrictions, patching schedule and backup location.
- Install DNSControl by package, binary, Docker, Homebrew or Go, and record the version.
- Run
dnscontrol versionand confirm the executable used by automation is the one you tested. - Create or import
dnsconfig.js; keepcreds.jsonoutside public Git. - Verify provider capabilities for import, creation, dual-host operation, DNSSEC and concurrency.
- Export or back up the live zone before migration.
- Run
dnscontrol check-creds. - Run a full preview, review every operation, and repeat after editing until only intended changes remain.
- Use scoped flags or
--no-populatefor staged work where appropriate. - Obtain approval, run the push with protected credentials, and retain the resulting log and configuration revision.
- Schedule read-only drift previews and alert instead of auto-correcting unexpected changes.
Bottom line
DNSControl makes DNS changes predictable when the declaration, credentials and execution path are kept separate. On a Linux VPS, install a pinned release or a reproducible container, import and audit the existing zone, use preview as the mandatory review gate, and reserve push for an approved change. Provider capability checks, least-privilege secrets, backups and read-only drift automation turn a convenient command-line tool into a maintainable DNS operations workflow.
Further reading
- DNSControl getting-started guide
- Preview and push command reference
- Supported provider matrix
- DNSControl releases
- DNSControl repository
- DNSControl project overview
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I run DNSControl without a permanent VPS?
Yes. DNSControl runs anywhere Go runs, so a CI runner or an ephemeral container can execute the same preview and push commands. A VPS is useful when you want a persistent, hardened host for scheduled jobs and local logs.
Should a scheduled job run push automatically when drift is detected?
Use preview --expect-no-changes for scheduled drift detection and alert on differences. Keep push behind human approval or a protected deployment environment so an unreviewed console edit is not overwritten automatically.
What should I do if my provider is only listed as community-supported?
Test the exact operations you need in a non-production zone, especially import, zone creation, DNSSEC and concurrency. Community support does not receive the same integration-test and maintainer-priority guarantees described for official support.
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