The Tool Desk
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What the finished deployment looks like
Your browser reaches one hostname, for example app.example.com. Nginx listens on ports 80 and 443, serves the Angular bundle from disk, and proxies requests beginning with /api/ to Spring Boot at 127.0.0.1:8080. Spring Boot is not reachable directly from the internet. A systemd unit starts it at boot, restarts it after failures, and records logs in the journal. Certbot obtains and renews the TLS certificate used by Nginx.
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1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsThis separation gives each application its own release directory and restart path. You can publish a new Angular build without restarting Java, or replace the backend JAR while the existing browser assets remain available. Angular’s deployment documentation describes the production output as files to copy to a web server or CDN; ng serve is a development server, not a production endpoint.
Choose the hostname and network boundary first
Use one origin when practical
Point a DNS A or AAAA record for the frontend hostname to the VPS address. Serving the API at https://app.example.com/api/ keeps browser origin, cookies, and CSRF rules straightforward. A separate API hostname can be appropriate for independent scaling, but it adds another DNS name, certificate coverage, CORS policy, and credential-testing surface.
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Keep Java private
Bind Spring Boot to loopback and allow only Nginx to reach it. The public firewall should expose SSH from an administratively appropriate source, HTTP for normal traffic and ACME validation, and HTTPS. Never open port 8080 merely because the application uses it internally.
Prerequisites on the VPS
- A supported Linux distribution with administrative access and a static or reserved public address.
- Nginx installed from the distribution’s supported packages.
- A Java runtime compatible with the Spring Boot version used by your build. Keep the runtime, Maven or Gradle toolchain, and Spring Boot release aligned.
- Node.js and the Angular CLI available on the build machine. You can build elsewhere and transfer only the generated files to a minimal VPS.
- SSH, a file-transfer method such as
scporrsync, DNS control, and a plan for backups or VPS snapshots. - A non-root service account for the backend, plus directories that account can read but ordinary users cannot modify.
Record the actual Angular output path before writing Nginx configuration. The CLI normally writes to dist/my-app/, but the project’s angular.json can change the project name or output directory.
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Build and publish Angular as immutable releases
1. Install dependencies reproducibly
From the Angular project, use the lockfile and a clean install:
npm ciDo not place secrets in Angular environment files. Angular’s build-environment guidance warns that values in src/environments are compiled into JavaScript and therefore public. API keys that must remain secret, database credentials, signing keys, OAuth client secrets, and internal service credentials belong on the server or in a secrets manager.
2. Create the production build
npx ng build --configuration productionThe production configuration is normally selected by default for ng build. Inspect the command output and confirm the generated directory. If your project has a named configuration, use that exact name rather than assuming it is called production.
3. Transfer into a versioned directory
On the VPS, create a layout that does not require overwriting the live files in place:
sudo mkdir -p /var/www/app/releases/2026-10-15-001
sudo chown -R deploy:www-data /var/www/appCopy the contents of the build output, not the parent dist directory, into that release. Then point a stable symlink at it:
sudo rsync -a --delete dist/my-app/ [email protected]:/var/www/app/releases/2026-10-15-001/
sudo ln -sfn /var/www/app/releases/2026-10-15-001 /var/www/app/currentUse a release identifier that is unique and easy to correlate with a commit. Retain at least the previous known-good release until the new one has passed browser and API checks. The Nginx root should reference /var/www/app/current, so switching releases is an atomic symlink operation.
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Configure SPA routing and the Nginx reverse proxy
Angular’s client-side router handles paths such as /settings in the browser. A direct request to that path still reaches Nginx first, so Nginx must return index.html when no real file exists. Put the API location ahead of the SPA fallback; otherwise an API error or unknown API path could incorrectly receive the Angular document.
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name app.example.com;
root /var/www/app/current;
index index.html;
location ^~ /api/ {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_read_timeout 60s;
}
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
}Understand the proxy path
With proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080; and no trailing slash, the incoming URI, including /api/, is passed to Spring Boot. That matches controllers mapped under /api. If your controllers are mapped without that prefix, deliberately rewrite or use a trailing-slash proxy rule instead; do not change it accidentally, because a misplaced slash produces consistent 404 responses.
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Validate before reloading
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxIf the test fails, Nginx keeps the previous working configuration. Read the reported file and line number, fix the syntax, and run the test again before reloading.
Package Spring Boot and run it with systemd
Build the executable artifact
For Maven, run the project’s documented production build:
./mvnw clean packageFor Gradle, use:
./gradlew clean bootJarUse the project’s production profile, tests, and migration process as required by the application. Do not assume that skipping tests is safe simply because the artifact is going to a VPS. Copy the resulting executable JAR into a versioned backend directory, for example /srv/app/backend/releases/2026-10-15-001/app.jar, and make /srv/app/backend/current point to that release.
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Create a restricted service account
sudo useradd --system --home /srv/app --shell /usr/sbin/nologin appsvc
sudo chown -R appsvc:appsvc /srv/app/backendThe account needs read access to the JAR and writable access only to directories the application genuinely uses, such as a temporary upload or log directory. It should not own the whole operating system or have an interactive shell.
Store configuration outside the JAR
Create a root-readable environment file such as /etc/app/backend.env. Keep database passwords, signing keys, OAuth secrets, and other credentials out of Git and out of Angular’s bundle. Restrict the file:
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sudo chown root:appsvc /etc/app/backend.env
sudo chmod 640 /etc/app/backend.envUse a secrets manager when your environment provides one. Environment files are convenient, but they still require permission control, rotation, and backup handling.
Define the systemd unit
Spring Boot’s reference deployment pattern uses a unit under /etc/systemd/system with a dedicated user, an explicit executable path, and a multi-user.target target. A practical unit is:
[Unit]
Description=Spring Boot application
After=network-online.target
Wants=network-online.target
[Service]
User=appsvc
Group=appsvc
WorkingDirectory=/srv/app/backend/current
EnvironmentFile=-/etc/app/backend.env
ExecStart=/usr/bin/java -jar /srv/app/backend/current/app.jar --server.address=127.0.0.1 --server.port=8080
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
SuccessExitStatus=143
NoNewPrivileges=true
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetAdjust the Java path, JAR name, port, memory options, and Spring profiles to your application. Add a health endpoint or startup check that reflects real readiness; a process that merely opens a port may still be unable to serve database-backed requests.
Enable, start, and inspect
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable app-backend.service
sudo systemctl start app-backend.service
sudo systemctl status app-backend.service
sudo journalctl -u app-backend.service -n 100 --no-pagerTest locally before involving Nginx:
curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8080/api/healthA successful response confirms that Java, configuration, database connectivity, and the controller path are working on the private interface. A connection refusal usually means the service is stopped or listening on another address or port; a 404 usually means the requested path does not match the controller mapping.
Put HTTPS in front of both applications
Once DNS resolves to the VPS and the HTTP server block answers, install Certbot using your distribution’s supported Nginx integration. Ubuntu documents a command of this form:
sudo certbot --nginx -d app.example.comIf the site uses additional names, include each name on the command line and ensure DNS points all of them to the server. HTTP-01 validation requires the site to be reachable on port 80, so do not block that port before issuance. Certbot edits the matching Nginx server block and, on Ubuntu, installs a systemd timer for renewal.
Test renewal rather than assuming it works:
sudo certbot renew --dry-runAfter certificate issuance, inspect the generated HTTPS configuration and verify that HTTP redirects to HTTPS, the certificate covers the exact hostname, and the proxied request reaches the same backend. Keep port 8080 private even after TLS is enabled; encryption between the browser and Nginx does not justify exposing the application listener.
Apply a minimal firewall policy
Ubuntu identifies UFW as its standard firewall tool. The exact SSH source should reflect your administration network or VPN:
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sudo ufw allow from 203.0.113.10 to any port 22 proto tcp
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status verboseDo not add an allow rule for 8080. If you need emergency diagnostics, use an SSH tunnel rather than a permanent public rule:
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ssh -L 8080:127.0.0.1:8080 [email protected]Then call http://127.0.0.1:8080 from your own machine while the tunnel is open.
Deploy frontend and backend independently
Frontend release
- Build Angular with the intended production configuration.
- Copy the generated files to a new release directory.
- Check ownership and permissions.
- Switch the
currentsymlink atomically. - Reload Nginx only if its configuration changed; static-file releases do not require a reload.
- Open the home page and at least one deep link in a private browser window.
Backend release
- Build and verify the executable JAR.
- Copy it to a new versioned directory owned by
appsvc. - Update the backend
currentsymlink. - Run
sudo systemctl restart app-backend.service. - Inspect
systemctl statusandjournalctl. - Call the local health endpoint, then exercise a representative request through Nginx.
Rollback
Keep the previous release directory until the new version is proven. To roll back Angular, repoint /var/www/app/current to the prior directory. To roll back Spring Boot, repoint its backend symlink and restart the service. If a database migration is not backward-compatible, application rollback alone may not be safe; design migrations as expand-and-contract changes and retain a tested database backup.
Security and browser concerns
Client configuration is public
Everything delivered in JavaScript, including production environment values, can be viewed by a visitor. Use public, non-sensitive settings such as an API path or analytics identifier only. Put confidential values in Spring Boot configuration or a secrets manager and have the server perform the privileged operation.
Handle CORS deliberately
A same-origin /api/ path generally avoids cross-origin requests. If you choose separate frontend and API origins, configure Spring Security CORS explicitly: allowed origins, methods, headers, credential behavior, and preflight responses must agree. Never “fix” a failing preflight by allowing every origin in production, especially when cookies or authorization headers are accepted.
Protect operational surfaces
- Disable direct root SSH login and use key-based administration.
- Patch the operating system, Nginx, Java runtime, and application dependencies.
- Restrict systemd and environment-file permissions.
- Configure log rotation and monitor disk usage; a full disk can stop both the Java service and Nginx from writing.
- Use database least privilege and rotate credentials without embedding them in release artifacts.
- Back up the database and retain VPS snapshots separately from the live machine.
Alternative deployment choices
| Decision | One-VPS Nginx/systemd pattern | When the alternative is justified |
|---|---|---|
Same host and /api/ path vs separate API hostname |
Simpler origin, cookie, certificate, and CORS behavior | Use a separate hostname when teams, scaling, or network boundaries require it |
| systemd vs containers | Low overhead and familiar Linux service operations | Use containers for image reproducibility, isolated dependencies, or an existing orchestration platform |
| Single VPS vs split services | Lower operational complexity and one billable machine | Split services when fault isolation, independent scaling, or maintenance windows outweigh added networking and monitoring |
| Manual releases vs CI/CD | Transparent control for a small team | Automate builds, approvals, audit trails, and rollback when releases are frequent or regulated |
| Nginx TLS termination vs application TLS | Centralized certificates and simpler Spring Boot settings | Use end-to-end application encryption when policy requires encryption beyond the reverse proxy |
Whichever option you choose, preserve the same boundaries: static Angular output behind a real web server, a supervised non-root backend, private application ports, tested HTTPS renewal, and secrets kept off the client.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Verification checklist after every deployment
- DNS: the intended hostname resolves to the VPS address.
- Certificate: the hostname is covered and
certbot renew --dry-runsucceeds. - Nginx:
nginx -tpasses and the service reloads without errors. - SPA: the root page, a static asset, and a direct deep link all return the expected Angular application.
- API success: a normal authenticated or unauthenticated request returns the expected status and JSON.
- API failure: an intentional 4xx or 5xx response remains an API response, not
index.html. - Backend: systemd reports active, the journal shows a clean startup, and the loopback health check responds.
- Logs: review Nginx access and error logs, browser console errors, and application logs.
- Security: an external scan cannot connect to port 8080, and no secret appears in downloaded JavaScript.
- Rollback: the previous frontend and backend release paths still exist and their symlinks can be restored.
Troubleshooting by symptom
Refreshing a deep link returns 404
Confirm that the request reaches the location / block and that try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html; is present. Ensure the API block is more specific and appears before the fallback. Reload Nginx after correcting the file.
API calls return the Angular page
The API location is not matching. Check that the browser calls a path beginning with /api/, that the Nginx block uses the same prefix, and that no broad rewrite runs before it. Test with curl -i https://app.example.com/api/health.
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Nginx reports 502 Bad Gateway
Check systemctl status app-backend.service, the journal, and the local curl request. A stopped service, wrong port, loopback binding mismatch, or crash during startup is more likely than an Angular problem. Verify that the JAR path in ExecStart matches the active release.
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Compare the controller mapping with the URI forwarded by proxy_pass. If the controller expects /health but Nginx forwards /api/health, choose an intentional prefix strategy and apply it consistently in Spring Boot, Nginx, and Angular’s API client.
Browser CORS or preflight errors appear
Determine whether the request is truly cross-origin. If both applications use the same scheme, host, and port with an /api/ path, remove unnecessary CORS configuration. For separate origins, inspect the OPTIONS response, allowed origin, credentials flag, methods, and headers; do not use a wildcard origin with credentialed requests.
Certbot cannot validate the domain
Confirm DNS has propagated to this VPS, port 80 is allowed through both UFW and any provider firewall, and the hostname in the Certbot command exactly matches the requested site. The HTTP-01 challenge cannot succeed against a private-only hostname.
The new release shows old JavaScript
Check that the symlink points to the intended directory and that Nginx’s root uses the symlink. Browser or intermediary caching may retain hashed assets or index.html; inspect response headers and test in a private window. Do not delete the previous release until you know which assets the active document references.
The service works manually but not after reboot
Confirm the unit is enabled, run systemctl is-enabled app-backend.service, and inspect boot-time journal entries. Absolute paths, file permissions, unavailable network dependencies, and missing environment files commonly explain differences between an interactive shell and systemd.
Operational expectations
This architecture is intentionally simple rather than magically maintenance-free. Monitor certificate renewal, disk space, memory, CPU, backup freshness, systemd restarts, Nginx 4xx and 5xx rates, and application health. Keep deployment notes that identify the active frontend and backend release, migration status, and rollback target. As traffic or team size grows, the same separation makes it easier to move the static files to a CDN, place the API on another host, or introduce a CI/CD pipeline without changing the browser contract.
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