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This guide covers Rails and non-Rails applications, the exact configuration shape, staging and production separation, and the server responsibilities Mina does not take over.
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What Mina does—and what it does not do
Mina is a Ruby deployment tool. It queues the commands you define locally, renders them into a Bash script, opens an SSH session, and sends that script to the remote server. The server executes the completed script rather than receiving a separate SSH connection for every command.
A Mina deployment uses a release layout with versioned release directories, a shared directory for persistent files, and a current path that points at the active release. Mina can create the layout, fetch the repository, install Bundler dependencies, and run your migration, asset, and launch commands. It does not provision or harden the VPS, create a database service, configure TLS, supervise your application process, or provide backups and monitoring.
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When Mina is a good fit
- You have an SSH-accessible VPS and want deployments defined as Ruby tasks.
- You want a small, inspectable Bash script instead of a large deployment platform.
- You need versioned releases and a quick switch to the newly completed release.
- You are deploying Rails or another stack that can be expressed with shell commands.
When Mina is not enough by itself
If the VPS is unconfigured, Mina cannot make it production-ready for you. You still need an operating-system update policy, a least-privilege deploy account, firewall and SSH policy, a database, TLS termination, process supervision, log handling, backups, and monitoring. Mina is the deployment step inside that operating model, not a replacement for it.
Prerequisites on the VPS
The server must be properly configured before Mina can work. Complete this checklist as the deploy user or through an administrator before running a Mina command.
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- A permitted deploy user: use a dedicated account with write access to the application’s deploy path. Avoid requiring unrestricted administrator access for routine deployments.
- Git: Mina will clone or update the repository on the VPS, so Git must be installed there. If the repository is private, the server-side Git credentials or deploy key must also be able to read it.
- Ruby: install the Ruby version required by the application. If the project uses a Ruby version manager, install and configure it for non-interactive SSH sessions as well as your interactive shell.
- Bundler: install a Bundler version compatible with the project’s lockfile and make sure the deploy user can run it.
- Application services: provide the database, cache, web server, and application process manager your application needs. Mina can invoke their commands, but it does not install or configure them.
Test the same account and non-interactive environment Mina will use:
ssh [email protected] 'whoami && git --version && ruby --version && bundle --version'Resolve missing commands, incorrect Ruby paths, and repository authentication before continuing. A command that works only after manually sourcing a shell profile is a common cause of a failed deployment.
How Mina’s release layout works
Assume :deploy_to is /var/www/myapp. Mina creates a structure conceptually like this:
/var/www/myapp/releases/contains completed, versioned release directories./var/www/myapp/shared/contains files and directories that must survive releases, such as production configuration, logs, uploads, and runtime state./var/www/myapp/currentidentifies the release currently served by the application.
During deployment Mina builds in a temporary location, moves a completed build into a release directory, updates current during the launch phase, and performs cleanup behavior if the deployment fails. Because the build and launch phases are explicit, a failure before launch does not intentionally replace the active release. The exact number of retained releases and cleanup policy depend on your Mina configuration.
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Create the project configuration
1. Initialize Mina in the repository
From the root of the application repository, run:
mina initThis creates config/deploy.rb. Commit that file with the application so every operator uses the same deployment definition.
2. Add the plugins that match your stack
A basic deployment normally requires the deploy, Git, and Bundler plugins. Rails applications can also load the Rails plugin:
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require 'mina/deploy'
require 'mina/git'
require 'mina/bundler'
require 'mina/rails'Use mina/rails only when the project is a Rails application. For another framework, keep the common plugins and write tasks for that application’s dependency, build, migration, and launch commands.
3. Set the server, repository, and destination
The smallest useful configuration identifies the remote account, host, deploy path, and Git repository:
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set :domain, 'your-vps.example'
set :deploy_to, '/var/www/myapp'
set :repository, '[email protected]:example/myapp.git'The repository address is evaluated on the VPS. Confirm that the deploy user can clone it directly, not just that your local workstation can.
4. Set the branch and environment deliberately
Do not rely on an implicit branch or an interactive shell setting. Set the branch and application environment in each deployment target:
set :branch, 'main'
set :rails_env, 'production'For a non-Rails application, replace :rails_env with the variables or configuration mechanism that your process expects. Keep secrets out of the repository; place persistent configuration in the shared area or an external secret mechanism and expose it to the release at deploy time.
5. Declare shared files and directories
Anything that must persist across releases belongs in Mina’s shared area. A Rails application commonly keeps its database configuration and runtime directories there:
set :shared_files, fetch(:shared_files, []).push('config/database.yml')
set :shared_dirs, fetch(:shared_dirs, []).push('log', 'tmp/pids', 'tmp/cache', 'public/uploads')Use the names your application actually reads. A shared file or directory added after the first setup is not created automatically in an already initialized layout; run mina setup again after changing these settings, then populate the shared files with the correct permissions and production values.
Run mina setup before the first release
Once config/deploy.rb points to the right server and path, run:
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mina setupMina connects over SSH and creates the deploy, releases, shared, and current structure. Setup does not deploy application code, install your bundle, run migrations, or start the application. It is an initialization step.
Run setup again when you add or change shared files or shared directories. Before doing so, check that the deploy user owns the target path and that existing shared data will not be overwritten by an incorrect path.
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Define a deploy task
A deployment task should make every release-ready action explicit. The standard sequence invokes Git and Bundler, then performs application-specific work and launches the new release.
Minimal application task
task :deploy do
deploy do
invoke :'git:clone'
invoke :'bundle:install'
on :launch do
command %{touch tmp/restart.txt}
end
end
endThe touch tmp/restart.txt line is an example launch hook, not a universal restart method. Replace it with the command your application server or init/process manager expects. The hook runs in the release context, so it is the place to tell the already configured service to reload or restart the application.
Rails deployment actions
For Rails, load the Rails plugin and add the production database and asset steps required by the application. If you prefer explicit commands, the task can look like this:
task :deploy do
deploy do
invoke :'git:clone'
invoke :'bundle:install'
command %{bundle exec rails db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production}
command %{bundle exec rails assets:precompile RAILS_ENV=production}
on :launch do
command %{touch tmp/restart.txt}
end
end
endRun migrations only when the release has the database access and migration policy your team expects. If assets are not part of the application, omit that command. Conversely, if the Rails plugin or your project tasks already provide migration and asset handling, do not add a second invocation that would run the same work twice.
Non-Rails applications
Mina does not require Rails. The default-plugin documentation describes composing tasks for static, JavaScript, PHP, and other applications. Replace the Rails-specific commands with the commands that make your application runnable:
task :deploy do
deploy do
invoke :'git:clone'
invoke :'bundle:install'
command %{bundle exec rake build}
command %{bundle exec rake db:migrate}
on :launch do
command %{./bin/restart-myapp}
end
end
endThe example assumes your repository defines those commands. A static site might need only a checkout and an asset build; a service might need a compiled artifact and a process-manager reload. Mina supplies the remote execution mechanism, while you supply the correct application commands.
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Deploy with mina deploy
After setup and task definition, run:
mina deployMina renders the task into a temporary Bash script and executes it through one SSH session. A successful run normally performs these stages:
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- Connect as the configured user to the configured domain.
- Create a new release workspace and obtain the selected branch from the repository.
- Install the application’s Bundler dependencies.
- Run the migrations, asset build, compilation, or other commands you placed in the task.
- Execute the launch hook, which updates the active release and asks your process manager or application server to reload.
- Apply Mina’s cleanup behavior to old releases according to your settings.
Watch the command output for the first failing command. Mina’s generated script makes the order visible, so a failure in dependency installation is a different problem from a failure in migration or launch.
Use separate staging and production settings
Do not point a single unqualified task at both environments. Staging and production should have distinct deploy paths, branches, and environment values. Mina’s cookbook pattern uses separate tasks or settings and commands such as mina staging deploy and mina production deploy.
Example environment-specific tasks
task :staging do
set :domain, 'staging-vps.example'
set :deploy_to, '/var/www/myapp-staging'
set :branch, 'develop'
set :rails_env, 'staging'
end
task :production do
set :domain, 'production-vps.example'
set :deploy_to, '/var/www/myapp'
set :branch, 'main'
set :rails_env, 'production'
endKeep the shared files, database credentials, process-manager service, and restart hook appropriate to each target. Verify which task and branch are selected before deploying; a correct command aimed at the wrong path can still produce a valid but unwanted release.
Verify the release after deployment
A green Mina command means the script completed, not that users can successfully use the application. Check the result from outside the SSH session.
- Confirm that
currentpoints to the newly created release. - Check the application process manager and web-server status.
- Open a health endpoint or make a representative request through the configured web server.
- Inspect application and web-server logs for boot, database, asset, and permission errors.
- Confirm that the database migration completed and that persistent uploads or shared configuration remain present.
- Verify that the restart hook actually reloaded the code rather than only touching a file your process does not watch.
If the deployment completed but the service still serves old code, the launch hook is the first place to investigate. Mina can change the release path without knowing how your particular server discovers or reloads it.
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SSH authentication or permission denied
Test the exact account and key with ssh [email protected]. Check ownership of :deploy_to, the permissions on the SSH key, and whether the server’s SSH policy permits the deploy user. Do not fix a routine deploy failure by granting broad administrator access; correct the account and directory permissions instead.
Git clone fails on the VPS
Run the repository’s Git command as the deploy user. A local clone proves only that your local credentials work. For a private repository, install a server-side read credential or deploy key and verify host-key trust in the deploy user’s environment.
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Ruby or Bundler is not found
Non-interactive SSH sessions often load a different shell environment from an interactive login. Make the required Ruby version manager and Bundler executable in the environment Mina receives, then repeat the prerequisite version check. Ensure the lockfile’s Bundler requirement is compatible with the installed version.
Missing shared configuration or uploads
Check the configured :shared_files and :shared_dirs names, run mina setup after changing them, and create the actual production files in the shared area. Verify that the release links or reads the paths your application expects.
Migration or asset compilation fails
Read the first application error, then check database connectivity, environment variables, file permissions, and available memory. Run the same command manually as the deploy user from a release directory to isolate an application problem from Mina’s SSH orchestration. Do not skip a required migration merely to make the deployment green; fix the prerequisite or use your team’s documented migration procedure.
The deployment succeeds but the application is unavailable
Inspect the launch hook and process-manager logs. Confirm that the service points at current, that it can read the shared configuration, and that the web server is forwarding to the expected socket or port. Mina does not choose a process manager or guarantee that a generic restart command exists.
A release fails midway
Because Mina builds before launch, the previous active release should remain the one served when failure occurs before the switch. Check the failed command’s output, correct the configuration or application issue, and redeploy. Remove an incomplete release only after confirming that it is not the active path and that any useful logs have been retained.
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| Concern | Mina | Independent SSH command sequence |
|---|---|---|
| Server preparation | Assumes you have already installed Git, Ruby, Bundler, permissions, and application services. | Has the same prerequisite burden; commands alone do not provision a safe VPS. |
| Execution model | Queues local commands, renders one Bash deployment script, and sends it through an SSH session. | Often opens or manages separate remote command executions unless you build your own script. |
| Release handling | Provides versioned releases, a shared area, a current path, and cleanup behavior. |
You must design release directories, switching, persistence, and rollback behavior yourself. |
| Framework support | Includes a Rails plugin and lets you compose custom tasks for other stacks. | Depends entirely on the commands and conventions you write. |
| Environment control | Supports separate branches, paths, and environment settings through separate tasks or configuration. | Requires separate scripts, argument handling, or manual safeguards. |
| Operations ownership | Deploys the application but does not replace monitoring, backups, TLS, database administration, or process supervision. | Leaves all of those responsibilities with the operator as well. |
Security and operational boundaries
Use a dedicated deploy account, restrict its writable directories, and authenticate with an SSH key rather than a shared password. Give the account only the repository and application permissions required for deployment. Keep production secrets out of Git and protect the shared configuration and uploaded data with appropriate filesystem permissions.
Treat migrations and restart hooks as production operations. A migration can be irreversible, and a restart command can interrupt traffic if the process manager is not configured for graceful handling. Test the task on staging with the same Ruby, Bundler, database, and service shape before selecting the production task.
Plan recovery independently of Mina: retain database backups, know how to restore shared data, keep enough releases for your rollback policy, and document how to point the process manager back to a known-good release. Mina’s release switch can help you select an earlier code release, but it cannot undo a destructive database migration or restore deleted uploads.
A complete starting point
The following file combines the common pieces. Adapt the branch, environment, shared paths, migration command, asset command, and launch hook to your application rather than copying them unchanged:
require 'mina/deploy'
require 'mina/git'
require 'mina/bundler'
require 'mina/rails'
set :user, 'deploy'
set :domain, 'your-vps.example'
set :deploy_to, '/var/www/myapp'
set :repository, '[email protected]:example/myapp.git'
set :branch, 'main'
set :rails_env, 'production'
set :shared_files, fetch(:shared_files, []).push('config/database.yml')
set :shared_dirs, fetch(:shared_dirs, []).push('log', 'tmp/pids', 'tmp/cache', 'public/uploads')
task :deploy do
deploy do
invoke :'git:clone'
invoke :'bundle:install'
command %{bundle exec rails db:migrate RAILS_ENV=production}
command %{bundle exec rails assets:precompile RAILS_ENV=production}
on :launch do
command %{touch tmp/restart.txt}
end
end
endRun mina setup once the server and shared paths are ready, then run mina deploy. Replace the sample launch command with the restart or reload action your configured application server understands, and verify the service and application from an external request.
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