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For a single Linux VPS, the practical OpenFaaS deployment is faasd: it runs OpenFaaS without Kubernetes, uses containerd and CNI, and keeps the OpenFaaS API model so functions can move to a Kubernetes installation later. Use a VPS dedicated to faasd, put the gateway behind HTTPS, restrict the firewall, and treat every function image, secret and input as potentially dangerous.
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This guide covers capacity planning, the faasd CE and commercial Edge choices, installation, authentication, TLS, host hardening, image security, backups, monitoring and the point at which one server is no longer enough.
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Choose the right OpenFaaS architecture first
OpenFaaS can run on Kubernetes, but Kubernetes is unnecessary overhead for one small server. faasd is the single-host distribution: it runs the gateway, queueing components and functions directly on a Linux host with containerd and CNI rather than a Kubernetes control plane. Its API is compatible with OpenFaaS on Kubernetes, which gives you a migration path when a single VPS reaches its limits.
Do not share the host with a normal Docker installation. The OpenFaaS Edge guidance warns that Docker and faasd can both interact with containerd, iptables and CNI, creating hard-to-diagnose networking and runtime conflicts. Provision a clean VPS or remove the conflicting container stack before installing faasd.
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Size the VPS and select an edition
OpenFaaS Edge documentation lists a minimum planning range of 512 MB–1 GB RAM (1 GB recommended), 2–4 vCPU and 10–25 GB of disk. The faasd repository gives a more practical Linux-host baseline of 2 vCPU and 2 GB RAM. For a real deployment, start at roughly 2 vCPU, 2 GB RAM and 20 GB of disk, then increase capacity for image layers, logs, temporary files and any stateful data your functions create.
| Deployment | Best fit | Published limits or characteristics | Operational implications |
|---|---|---|---|
| faasd CE | Personal, experimental or non-commercial use on one host | Up to 15 functions, one namespace, and a 60-day limit for commercial use according to current OpenFaaS Edge documentation | Lowest complexity, but limited isolation and no commercial-use allowance beyond the stated period |
| OpenFaaS Edge (faasd-pro) | Commercial single-host services | Commercial edition with multiple namespaces, network policies or segmentation, private DNS and detailed resource metrics described in the Edge documentation | Still a single server, so you remain responsible for host availability, backups and upgrades; verify current license terms before deployment |
| OpenFaaS on Kubernetes | Clusters, multiple nodes, higher availability or workloads that outgrow one VPS | Requires a Kubernetes cluster rather than a single faasd host | More moving parts, but better scheduling, node-level isolation and a natural destination for functions carried forward from faasd |
The CE function and commercial-use limits are licensing conditions, not performance guarantees. If a business workload needs more than the CE allowance, use the commercial Edge edition or move to a properly licensed Kubernetes deployment. Recheck the vendor’s current terms at purchase time because licensing can change.
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Prepare a clean Linux VPS
Use a supported 64-bit Linux distribution with either an x86_64 or 64-bit Arm CPU. Assign a static public address or a stable DNS name, because the gateway, certificate and deployment clients all need a predictable endpoint.
- Update the operating system. Apply all current security updates and reboot if the kernel or runtime requires it.
- Create an administrator account. Add a non-root user to the sudo or equivalent administrator group. Keep the root account for recovery rather than routine work.
- Remove conflicting container software. Confirm Docker and other container runtimes that could compete for containerd, iptables or CNI are absent or stopped before faasd installation.
- Set the host firewall before exposure. Plan an administrator-only SSH rule and an HTTPS rule for intended clients. Do not open the gateway to the entire Internet while it is still using plain HTTP.
- Set DNS. Create an A or AAAA record such as
faas.example.netpointing to the VPS. Wait for it to resolve from outside the server before requesting a certificate. - Record the baseline. Note the OS release, kernel, CPU and memory, disk size, public address and the administrator account. These details make later troubleshooting and restoration faster.
Keep application state out of the ephemeral function container whenever possible. If a function must write durable data, identify its volume and include that volume in the backup plan before going live.
Install faasd
Install faasd CE
The official faasd repository contains the CE installer. From the administrator account, clone a shallow copy and run the documented script:
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git clone https://github.com/openfaas/faasd --depth=1
cd faasd
./hack/install.shRun the installer on the clean host you prepared, not on a workstation or a server already running a competing container stack. The script installs the faasd components and system services; allow it to finish without terminating the session.
Install OpenFaaS Edge
For commercial use, follow the current OpenFaaS Edge or faasd-pro installation method for your Linux family. The Edge documentation provides the supported install script or package path. Do not substitute the CE installer and assume that doing so grants commercial rights; the edition and license are separate decisions.
Install the command-line client
You can install the official CLI through arkade:
curl -sSL https://get.arkade.dev | sudo -E sh
arkade get faas-cliAlternatively, use the OpenFaaS CLI installer:
curl -sSL https://cli.openfaas.com | sudo -E shReview and pin the CLI version in production automation. Avoid building a process around an assumed Docker latest tag; the CLI documentation notes that such a tag is not provided. Record the exact CLI and faasd versions installed on the VPS so an upgrade can be reproduced.
Verify services before publishing the gateway
Do not treat a completed installer as proof that a function platform is ready. First inspect the system services and their logs, then check the listener addresses and deploy a harmless test function from a trusted image.
- List the faasd-related systemd units and confirm they are active. If a unit is inactive, inspect its journal immediately rather than repeatedly restarting it.
- Review recent service logs for containerd, the gateway, the queue worker and the watchdog. Look for permission errors, failed mounts, CNI errors and image-pull failures.
- Inspect listening sockets. During initial setup, the gateway should be reachable only from localhost or an internal interface if your deployment permits that arrangement.
- Authenticate locally and deploy a small, non-sensitive test function from a trusted registry image.
- Invoke the function locally, verify the expected response, then remove the test function and any unused image layers.
- Check memory and disk usage after the pull. A successful invocation does not prove that the host has enough headroom for concurrent functions.
Keep a record of the exact test image tag or digest and the command used. That record becomes useful when diagnosing a later image, runtime or networking change.
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Authenticate safely
OpenFaaS CE and Standard use Basic Authentication. Enterprise deployments can use OIDC and JWT. The generated administrator password is displayed during installation or stored in the documented secret location. Treat it as a credential, not as configuration text.
- Retrieve the password without copying it into a repository, ticket or shared shell transcript.
- Store it in a protected local secret manager or an environment variable that is not persisted by your shell history.
- Log in by piping the password through standard input:
echo -n "$PASSWORD" | faas-cli login --username admin --password-stdin- Confirm the CLI reports a successful login, then remove the temporary environment variable if it is no longer needed.
- Rotate the password immediately if it appeared in shell history, process listings, CI logs or a support message.
- Where the selected edition supports it, create separate administrator and deployment identities. Give automation only the permissions it needs.
Basic Authentication protects the gateway only when the connection itself is protected. Never send these credentials over an unencrypted public HTTP connection.
Put HTTPS and a firewall in front of the gateway
OpenFaaS enables authentication by default, but authentication alone does not encrypt traffic. The deployment documentation explicitly warns that a public installation needs a TLS certificate, and the REST API guidance says HTTPS should be enabled to prevent Internet snooping and tampering.
Use a reverse proxy
- Point your DNS name at the VPS and verify that the record resolves correctly.
- Install a maintained reverse proxy or ingress on the host, or use a separate edge service that can reach the private gateway.
- Request a publicly trusted certificate for the DNS name using your chosen certificate authority.
- Configure the proxy to terminate TLS and forward authenticated requests to the faasd gateway over localhost or a private interface.
- Redirect HTTP requests to HTTPS. Do not leave a second public listener that bypasses the proxy.
- Renew certificates automatically where possible and monitor their expiry from outside the host.
Use modern TLS defaults supplied by the proxy, restrict administrative endpoints, and preserve the original client address in logs only when the proxy configuration makes that trustworthy. Test both a normal function invocation and an intentionally rejected HTTP request after the change.
Apply least-privilege firewall rules
- SSH: allow only the administrator’s fixed addresses or VPN range. If an allowlist is impossible, use a hardened bastion or another access-control layer rather than exposing password login.
- HTTPS: allow TCP 443 from the clients that need the gateway. If the API is private, restrict it to your application network.
- HTTP: expose port 80 only if it is needed for certificate issuance or an HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect; otherwise keep it closed.
- Everything else: deny unsolicited inbound traffic. Open additional ports only for a documented dependency.
Review cloud-provider security groups as well as the operating-system firewall. A permissive provider rule can nullify a carefully written local rule.
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Harden the Linux host and SSH
Disable password-based SSH authentication after confirming key-based access works in a second session. Restrict root SSH login, use a current OpenSSH configuration, and keep a tested recovery path through the VPS provider in case an allowlist mistake locks you out.
- Use separate administrator accounts rather than sharing one key.
- Protect private keys with a passphrase and rotate keys when staff or systems change.
- Enable unattended security updates when your change process permits them; otherwise patch on a defined maintenance schedule.
- Monitor failed SSH and gateway authentication attempts, unexpected privilege escalation, service restarts and kernel or filesystem errors.
- Keep time synchronized so TLS validation, logs and token expiry work consistently.
- Limit outbound traffic where practical. A function that processes untrusted input should not automatically be able to reach every internal service or arbitrary Internet destination.
Secure function images, registries and runtime settings
Build function images on a separate build host or in CI, then push them to a registry for faasd to pull. Keeping compilers and build tools off the production VPS reduces both attack surface and resource contention.
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- Use immutable tags or, preferably, image digests in deployment manifests.
- Scan images for operating-system and application vulnerabilities before promotion.
- Remove unused images and old layers so disk pressure does not stop new deployments.
- Rebuild when a base image receives a security fix, then roll out the new digest deliberately.
Protect registry credentials and secrets
Store registry credentials as OpenFaaS secrets rather than embedding them in function source, environment files committed to Git or YAML checked into a public repository. Apply the same rule to API keys, database passwords and signing material. Rotate credentials after a suspected exposure and remove access that a retired function no longer needs.
Constrain each function
- Set memory limits that leave headroom for the gateway, queue worker and operating system.
- Set invocation timeouts appropriate to the function; do not allow an accidental infinite wait to consume every worker.
- Choose concurrency deliberately. A high value can exhaust CPU, memory or a downstream database even when individual requests are small.
- Grant only the network paths and secrets required for that function.
- Validate and size-limit input, because the gateway is an Internet-facing application boundary.
Backups, upgrades and day-to-day operations
Back up /var/lib/faasd and every function data volume before an upgrade. A backup is useful only if it can be restored, so test the procedure on a disposable VPS rather than waiting for a production failure.
- Disk: alert before image layers, logs or volumes consume the filesystem.
- Memory: watch pressure, swapping and the operating-system out-of-memory killer.
- Runtime: monitor container restarts, failed pulls and watchdog errors.
- Workload: watch queue depth, invocation latency and timeout counts.
- Security: monitor authentication failures, unusual outbound traffic and unexpected service restarts.
- TLS: alert well before certificate expiry and test renewal rather than assuming it will work.
Apply faasd, gateway, watchdog and operating-system security updates on a maintenance schedule. Before changing versions, capture configuration, back up state, record the current image digests and keep a rollback image or package. Upgrade during a window in which a short interruption is acceptable, then invoke representative functions and inspect logs.
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Troubleshoot common installation and security failures
The installer fails or services never become active
Check that the VPS is a supported 64-bit architecture, that the administrator can use sudo, and that no competing Docker or containerd setup remains. Read the systemd journal for the first failing unit; a later gateway error is often only a symptom of an earlier runtime or CNI failure.
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Verify DNS resolution, the provider security group, the host firewall and the reverse-proxy upstream address in that order. Confirm the certificate covers the exact hostname and that the proxy is forwarding to the intended local listener rather than a stale port.
Login credentials appear correct but requests fail
Check whether the CLI is still pointing at an old gateway URL, whether the password was rotated, and whether a proxy is stripping the authentication header. Re-run login through --password-stdin and inspect the gateway log without printing the secret.
Functions cannot pull images
Confirm the image name, tag or digest, registry reachability and registry credentials. Check disk space and outbound firewall rules. If a private registry credential was placed in a manifest or log, revoke and replace it.
Invocations time out or the host becomes unstable
Inspect memory pressure, CPU saturation, queue depth and function concurrency. Lower concurrency or memory use, set a realistic timeout, remove unused images, and move stateful or consistently heavy workloads to a larger host or a cluster.
Know when to migrate from one VPS
A single faasd host is a useful starting point, not a promise of high availability. Plan a move to OpenFaaS on Kubernetes when you need multiple nodes, maintenance without a single-host outage, stronger scheduling isolation, or capacity beyond the VPS’s CPU, memory and disk envelope.
Because faasd exposes the OpenFaaS API, existing functions can be carried forward to Kubernetes. Keep manifests, image digests, secret definitions, resource limits and configuration in version control so the migration is a controlled redeployment rather than a manual rebuild. Test each function in the target cluster, validate network policies and identities, and keep the VPS available for rollback until production traffic is confirmed on the cluster.
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