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Choose a compatible Mezzanine, Python, and Django stack first
Mezzanine compatibility changed between documentation generations. The Mezzanine 4.3.1 overview lists Python 2.7–3.6 and Django 1.8–1.11. The project repository overview lists Python 3.7–3.10 and Django 2.2–4.0 for its newer line. Those ranges are not interchangeable: installing an old Mezzanine release into the Python supplied by a current Ubuntu image can fail during installation or at runtime.
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| Documentation line | Declared Python range | Declared Django range | Deployment implication |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mezzanine 4.3.1 | 2.7–3.6 | 1.8–1.11 | Use only with an interpreter and operating-system image that still provide that legacy stack. |
| Repository overview for the newer line | 3.7–3.10 | 2.2–4.0 | Use a Python 3.7–3.10 environment and lock the exact Mezzanine and Django releases before deployment. |
Record the exact Ubuntu LTS, Python interpreter, Mezzanine release, and Django release in your deployment notes. Do not let an unpinned python3 executable decide the stack. The commands below show the production pattern; adjust system package names to the Ubuntu release and interpreter you selected.
What the production architecture looks like
Mezzanine’s deployment documentation describes a conventional Django arrangement: Nginx is the public-facing web server, Gunicorn is the internal HTTP application server, and PostgreSQL is the database server. Nginx terminates HTTPS and serves static files; Gunicorn runs the WSGI application; PostgreSQL stores site data; uploaded media lives in a persistent directory that is included in backups.
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- Browser → Nginx: accepts ports 80 and 443, redirects HTTP, serves
/static/and proxies dynamic requests. - Nginx → Gunicorn: uses a Unix socket or loopback port that is not exposed to the public internet.
- Gunicorn → Mezzanine: runs the project’s WSGI module inside the virtual environment.
- Mezzanine → PostgreSQL: uses a dedicated database role rather than a superuser.
- Media and backups: uploaded files and database dumps are stored outside the source checkout and protected with appropriate permissions.
Prepare the Ubuntu VPS
Create a deployment account and update the host
Log in over SSH with the provider’s initial administrative account, then create a normal account for the application. Keep the project outside /root; /srv/mezzanine is a suitable layout.
sudo adduser mezzaninesudo usermod -aG sudo mezzanineonly if the account must perform administrative tasks. Prefer narrowly scopedsudorules after setup.sudo apt update && sudo apt upgradesudo mkdir -p /srv/mezzaninesudo chown mezzanine:mezzanine /srv/mezzanine- Open a new SSH session as
mezzanineand use key authentication. Do not run the application as root.
Allow only required network ports
With Ubuntu’s firewall tooling, allow SSH and web traffic, then enable the firewall. If your SSH service uses a non-standard port, substitute that port before enabling the firewall so you do not lock yourself out.
sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw statusRestrict PostgreSQL to local connections unless a managed database or a private network specifically requires remote access. Never expose the database port to the whole internet as a shortcut.
Install system prerequisites
Install the interpreter selected in your compatibility record, its virtual-environment package, build tools, Git, PostgreSQL, Nginx, and the development headers needed by Python packages such as Pillow and the PostgreSQL adapter. Package names vary by Ubuntu release; verify that the interpreter’s python and venv packages refer to the same version.
sudo apt install python3 python3-venv python3-dev build-essential
libpq-dev libjpeg-dev zlib1g-dev git postgresql postgresql-contrib nginxIf your pinned stack requires a particular Python minor version, install that version and its matching -venv and -dev packages instead of silently using the distribution default.
Create the virtual environment and lock dependencies
Create an isolated environment owned by the deployment user. Installing with python -m pip ensures that pip belongs to the interpreter you intend to run in production.
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cd /srv/mezzanine
python3 -m venv .venv
. .venv/bin/activate
python -m pip install --upgrade pipInstall a Mezzanine release whose declared Python and Django requirements match this interpreter. If you are using the legacy 4.3.1 documentation line, its published range is Python 2.7–3.6 with Django 1.8–1.11; do not install it into Python 3.10. For the newer repository line, stay within Python 3.7–3.10 and Django 2.2–4.0, then record the resolver’s exact versions.
python -m pip install mezzanine
python -m pip freeze > requirements.txtFor a controlled release, review requirements.txt into source control and deploy that file with python -m pip install -r requirements.txt. A lock file is the point at which “latest compatible package” becomes a reproducible deployment; regenerate it deliberately when upgrading.
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Scaffold the Mezzanine project
Use the package-provided project generator from inside the virtual environment. The example creates a project directory named site.
cd /srv/mezzanine
. .venv/bin/activate
mezzanine-project site
cd siteThe generated directory contains manage.py, a project package with the WSGI entry point, settings, URL configuration, and the application structure that Mezzanine expects. Keep the virtual environment outside the repository directory, as shown above, so source updates do not overwrite installed packages.
Configure PostgreSQL for Mezzanine
Create a least-privilege database and role
Django’s production guidance recommends PostgreSQL, although Django also supports MariaDB, MySQL, SQLite, and Oracle. SQLite is convenient for a trial but is a poor default for a public, write-heavy site. Create a dedicated role and database in PostgreSQL.
sudo -u postgres psqlCREATE ROLE mezzanine_app LOGIN PASSWORD 'use-a-long-random-secret';
CREATE DATABASE mezzanine_db OWNER mezzanine_app;
qUse a randomly generated password and keep it out of Git, shell history, and world-readable files. On a single VPS, a local PostgreSQL connection can use a Unix socket; if you use a host and port, restrict PostgreSQL’s listening and authentication rules to the private network you require.
Move secrets and database settings out of source control
Edit the generated settings module or load a separate production settings module. Set DEBUG = False, a long random SECRET_KEY, the site’s real host names in ALLOWED_HOSTS, and the PostgreSQL connection details. A typical environment-file approach is:
DJANGO_SECRET_KEY=replace-with-a-random-value
DJANGO_DEBUG=False
DJANGO_ALLOWED_HOSTS=example.com,www.example.com
DB_NAME=mezzanine_db
DB_USER=mezzanine_app
DB_PASSWORD=use-a-long-random-secret
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=5432Ensure the file is readable only by the deployment account and configure your settings code to parse the values. Set the canonical site URL and any Mezzanine site settings to the HTTPS domain you will publish. Configure STATIC_ROOT for Nginx and a persistent media directory such as /srv/mezzanine/media; media must survive code deployments and be included in backups.
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Initialize the database and administrator
Mezzanine supplies a createdb management command. It wraps Django migrations and can load demonstration content.
cd /srv/mezzanine/site
. ../.venv/bin/activate
python manage.py createdb --noinputFor a clean production site without demo pages, use the documented --nodata option instead:
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python manage.py createdb --noinput --nodataCreate an administrator explicitly when the command finishes:
python manage.py createsuperuserIf you prefer the standard Django sequence, run migrations directly. This is also the sequence you will use when applying later schema changes.
python manage.py migrate
python manage.py collectstatic --noinput
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Run a local smoke test
Before configuring a public web server, verify that the project starts and that the administration interface loads. Bind the development server to loopback so it is not exposed on the internet.
cd /srv/mezzanine/site
. ../.venv/bin/activate
python manage.py runserver 127.0.0.1:8000From the VPS, request http://127.0.0.1:8000/ with a text browser or curl. Stop the process after confirming the response. runserver is not a production server: it is not designed for concurrency, graceful restarts, or hardened public exposure.
Run Mezzanine with Gunicorn under systemd
Test Gunicorn manually
Install Gunicorn into the same virtual environment and run the WSGI application from the project directory. For a project generated as site, the WSGI module is normally site.wsgi:application.
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. /srv/mezzanine/.venv/bin/activate
cd /srv/mezzanine/site
python -m pip install gunicorn
/srv/mezzanine/.venv/bin/gunicorn --bind 127.0.0.1:8000 site.wsgi:applicationConfirm that the request succeeds locally, then stop Gunicorn with Ctrl+C. Add Gunicorn to your locked requirements so a new server receives the same application server version.
Create a systemd service
Create /etc/systemd/system/mezzanine.service with a working directory, the virtual environment’s Gunicorn binary, the deployment user, a private environment file, and automatic restart on failure.
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[Unit]
Description=Mezzanine Gunicorn application
After=network.target postgresql.service
[Service]
User=mezzanine
Group=mezzanine
WorkingDirectory=/srv/mezzanine/site
EnvironmentFile=/etc/mezzanine/mezzanine.env
ExecStart=/srv/mezzanine/.venv/bin/gunicorn --workers 3 --bind unix:/run/mezzanine.sock site.wsgi:application
Restart=on-failure
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetCreate the environment directory and restrict its permissions before placing secrets there:
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sudo install -o root -g mezzanine -m 0640 mezzanine.env /etc/mezzanine/mezzanine.env
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now mezzanine
sudo systemctl status mezzanine
sudo journalctl -u mezzanine -eThe socket path must be writable by Nginx. If Nginx cannot connect, check the socket’s group and mode, the service account, and the journal before changing permissions broadly.
Configure Nginx as the public server
Create a server block for the domain. Replace the domain and filesystem paths with the values used in your settings; do not leave a wildcard host in production.
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location /static/ {
alias /srv/mezzanine/site/static/;
expires 30d;
add_header Cache-Control "public";
}
location /media/ {
alias /srv/mezzanine/media/;
}
location / {
include proxy_params;
proxy_pass http://unix:/run/mezzanine.sock;
}
}Set STATIC_ROOT to the directory used by the alias, run collectstatic, and ensure the Nginx worker can read static and media files. Enable and validate the site:
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/mezzanine /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/mezzanine
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxVisit the domain and confirm that a dynamic page, an administrative page, a CSS asset, and an uploaded media file all return successfully. A blank page with missing styling usually indicates a wrong STATIC_ROOT, an incorrect Nginx alias, or a missing collectstatic run.
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Obtain a certificate for every production hostname, configure Nginx to listen on 443, and redirect HTTP to HTTPS. Use a certificate tool that supports automatic renewal, then verify renewal before relying on it. After HTTPS works, set Django’s secure-cookie and proxy-related settings appropriate to your Nginx configuration, keep DEBUG = False, and include only real host names in ALLOWED_HOSTS.
Do not enable HSTS until every required subdomain is permanently HTTPS-capable. Test the login flow, admin cookies, redirects, and uploaded-media URLs over HTTPS after changing proxy and security settings.
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Back up both database and media
A database dump alone cannot restore uploaded images and documents. Schedule PostgreSQL backups and copy the media directory to storage separate from the VPS. Protect backup credentials, retain multiple restore points, and perform an actual restore test into an isolated database.
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sudo -u postgres pg_dump -Fc mezzanine_db > /var/backups/mezzanine_db.dumpDocument the corresponding restore command, the location of media backups, the environment-file secrets, DNS details, and the exact release recorded in requirements.txt.
Deploy an application update
- Take a database and media backup.
- Fetch the reviewed source revision into a new release directory or a controlled checkout.
- Activate the existing virtual environment and install the reviewed, pinned requirements.
- Run
python manage.py migrate, thenpython manage.py collectstatic --noinput. - Run
python manage.py check --deployand a local HTTP smoke test. - Restart Gunicorn with
sudo systemctl restart mezzanine. - Check
sudo journalctl -u mezzanine, Nginx’s error log, the admin login, static assets, and media URLs.
Keep the previous release and database backup until the new version has passed verification. A code rollback cannot safely undo an irreversible database migration, so read migration notes and test restores before applying risky schema changes.
Common installation failures
Package installation fails on the Ubuntu image
Check the interpreter reported by python --version and the Mezzanine and Django requirements recorded for your chosen release. An old release that supports Python 3.6 or earlier will not become compatible merely because pip is upgraded. Select a matching Ubuntu/Python image or choose a maintained Mezzanine line whose declared range includes your interpreter.
Django reports a settings or host error
Confirm that systemd loads the same environment file you used during manual testing, that DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE points to the generated project, and that the requested domain appears in ALLOWED_HOSTS. Restart the service after changing environment values.
Gunicorn starts but Nginx returns 502
Inspect both logs. Verify that /run/mezzanine.sock exists, that its group permits Nginx to connect, and that the proxy_pass socket path exactly matches ExecStart. A service that exits immediately usually has a bad working directory, missing dependency, import error, or invalid production setting.
Pages load without CSS or images
Run collectstatic, compare STATIC_ROOT with the Nginx alias, and check read permissions. For media, verify that the URL prefix in Django matches the Nginx location and that the media directory is persistent rather than inside a disposable release directory.
Database authentication fails
Test the role and database locally with PostgreSQL tools, then compare the database name, role, password, host, and port in the systemd environment file with the settings parser. Do not solve the problem by granting the application database superuser privileges.
Quick Recap
Production checklist
- Ubuntu image, Python interpreter, Mezzanine release, and Django release are recorded as a compatible combination.
- Application runs as a dedicated non-root user in a virtual environment.
- Dependencies are locked in
requirements.txt. DEBUGis false,SECRET_KEYis private, andALLOWED_HOSTScontains only the real domains.- PostgreSQL uses a dedicated role and receives regular tested backups.
- Migrations and
collectstaticcomplete successfully. - Gunicorn is supervised by systemd and is not directly internet-facing.
- Nginx proxies the Unix socket and serves static files from
STATIC_ROOT. - Media storage persists across releases and is backed up.
- HTTPS redirects, certificate renewal, cookies, admin login, and static/media URLs have been tested.
- A rollback release, database restore procedure, and update runbook are documented.
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