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The important default is clear_env = yes. PHP-FPM removes the worker environment before adding the variables listed with env[], so an exported value in a login shell, container, or service manager will not automatically be visible to PHP. You can explicitly pass only the variables you need, or deliberately set clear_env = no when the entire inherited environment is intended to be available.
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Where PHP-FPM environment variables belong
PHP-FPM reads configuration using PHP’s INI-style syntax. The setting that passes variables to request workers is a pool directive, so it belongs inside the relevant pool section in a pool file, commonly named www.conf. A typical pool begins with a section header such as [www]; put the directives below that header.
Do not assume that editing php.ini changes the FPM worker environment. Likewise, placing an export command in the shell that starts a deployment does not by itself make the value available to already-running FPM workers. The active FPM master must receive the source value, and the pool must either copy it with env[] or stop clearing the inherited environment.
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Identify the active pool
- Find the PHP-FPM configuration used by the running service. Package layouts differ, and more than one PHP version can be installed at once.
- Locate the pool file that contains the pool handling your application. The file is often called
www.conf, but the filename and directory are deployment-specific. - Check that you are editing the pool section actually serving the application, rather than a disabled example pool or a different PHP version.
- Keep the directive in that pool section. A variable added to another pool will not appear in workers belonging to this one.
Add a literal value or copy an inherited value
Use one env[] line per variable. The left side is the name PHP will receive; the right side is either a literal string or an expansion of a variable already present in the FPM master process.
Pass a literal
env[APP_MODE] = production
env[FEATURE_FLAG] = 1
These lines add fixed values when the pool starts. They do not depend on a shell, container, or service-manager environment.
Copy a variable from the FPM master
env[APP_ENV] = $APP_ENV
env[DATABASE_URL] = $DATABASE_URL
The dollar-prefixed form asks FPM to expand the named variable from its own process environment. If APP_ENV or DATABASE_URL never reached the master process, expansion cannot produce the value you expect. Supplying a variable to a shell that is unrelated to the service start, or changing a container environment without recreating or restarting the service, will not repair that missing input.
Pass standard path and temporary-directory values
The official pool examples use the same mechanism for common process values:
env[HOSTNAME] = $HOSTNAME
env[PATH] = /usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin
env[TMP] = /tmp
env[TMPDIR] = /tmp
env[TEMP] = /tmp
A literal PATH is useful when the worker needs a known set of executable directories. Copy HOSTNAME only when the master receives the hostname you intend to expose.
Why an exported variable disappears
PHP-FPM’s default is clear_env = yes. Before creating workers, FPM clears the inherited environment and then adds only the variables declared with env[] in that pool. This behavior prevents arbitrary process variables from reaching application code.
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Consequently, all of the following can be true at the same time:
- A variable is visible in an interactive shell.
- The service manager or container has a variable configured.
getenv('NAME')in a web request returns an empty value orfalse.
With clear_env = yes, the third result is expected unless the pool explicitly passes NAME. The shell’s exported state is not a substitute for an env[] directive.
Distinguish an empty value from a missing value
In a diagnostic script, test the return value carefully. getenv('NAME') returns the string value when present and can return false when the variable is not available. An intentionally empty variable is different from a variable that was never passed. Do not publish the raw value of a secret while debugging; log only presence, a safe classification, or a length in a controlled environment.
Choose between explicit entries and clear_env = no
There are two fundamentally different exposure strategies. Explicit entries create a narrow allow-list. Disabling clearing exposes the complete environment inherited by the worker.
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| Approach | Scope | Operational behavior | Security consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
env[NAME] = value or env[NAME] = $NAME |
Only the named variables | Predictable and easy to review; each required value is visible in the pool configuration | Limits accidental exposure and is usually the safer default |
clear_env = no |
The full environment inherited by the FPM master | New variables become available without a separate env[] line |
Any inherited secret or operational value can reach application code, so review the deployment’s secret-handling policy first |
Use explicit variables for a controlled boundary
For an application that needs a small set of settings, keep the default and add only those settings:
clear_env = yes
env[APP_ENV] = $APP_ENV
env[LOG_LEVEL] = $LOG_LEVEL
env[APP_MODE] = production
This makes the pool file an auditable list of what PHP may read. It also avoids unexpectedly exposing variables added later by a host, container image, or service manager.
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Use clear_env = no intentionally
clear_env = no
The shipped PHP pool template documents that setting this to no makes all environment variables available to PHP through getenv(), $_ENV, and $_SERVER. That convenience has a broad scope: it applies to every variable inherited by the worker, not just the one you were troubleshooting.
Before choosing it, inventory the environment supplied by the service manager, container, and host. Consider credentials, tokens, internal endpoints, debugging switches, and variables used only by startup tooling. If the application does not need them, explicit env[] entries provide a smaller exposure boundary.
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Environment expansion and default values
FPM configuration values support environment-variable expansion. The syntax can be used in settings such as:
listen = /var/run/php-fpm-${POOL_NAME}.sock
user = ${USER_NAME:-www-data}
group = ${USER_NAME:-www-data}
The ${VAR} form substitutes the value of VAR. The ${VAR:-default} form supplies default when the variable is unset or null. The PHP manual documents the default-value form as supported from PHP 8.3.0.
Apply expansion to an environment entry
Because env[] is a configuration directive, you can use the same expansion style when your PHP version and configuration support it:
env[APP_ENV] = ${APP_ENV:-production}
This gives the worker a predictable fallback when APP_ENV is absent. Treat the fallback as an application decision, not proof that the deployment supplied a value. On versions older than PHP 8.3.0, do not assume the :-default form is available; use a literal value in the pool or provide the variable before FPM starts.
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Docker, containers, and service managers
Container and service-manager settings affect the FPM master, not automatically the worker environment seen by PHP. When using env[NAME] = $NAME, verify the variable is present in the environment of the process that launches FPM.
Container deployment
- Define the variable through the container’s environment mechanism or entrypoint before FPM starts.
- Pass it through the relevant pool with
env[NAME] = $NAME, unless the pool deliberately usesclear_env = no. - When the container environment changes, recreate or restart the FPM process so the master receives the new value.
- Reload or restart FPM after changing the pool file.
A value set only in an interactive shell inside a running container affects that shell, not necessarily the already-running FPM master. Likewise, editing an image’s environment declaration does not alter a container that is still running from an earlier configuration.
Service-manager deployment
- Configure the variable in the service-manager environment used to launch PHP-FPM.
- Confirm the service starts with that environment rather than relying on a user’s login profile.
- Use the pool’s explicit
env[]line to make the intended variables visible to workers. - Restart or reload through the service manager after changing either the service environment or the pool file.
Service-manager environments are commonly different from the environment of an administrator’s terminal. If expansion produces an empty value, check the service definition and startup context before changing PHP code.
Reload or restart after editing
Editing a pool file does not alter workers that are already running. A reload or restart through the operating system’s service manager is required.
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- Run the PHP-FPM configuration test supplied by your installation, if available. Fix syntax errors before attempting a reload.
- Ask the service manager to reload PHP-FPM when you want the master to reread configuration while allowing a graceful worker transition.
- Use a restart when the platform or deployment requires a full process replacement, or when a reload does not replace workers as expected.
- Watch the service status and error log for a failed configuration parse or a pool that did not start.
- Make a controlled request to verify the value from PHP.
The exact service name and command vary by operating system, package, PHP version, and container image. Use the service manager’s PHP-FPM unit rather than restarting an unrelated web server process.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Verify from PHP without leaking secrets
Read a variable with getenv('NAME'):
$value = getenv('APP_ENV');
if ($value === false) {
// The variable was not passed to this worker.
}
When the pool uses clear_env = no, the PHP-FPM pool template states that environment variables are available through getenv(), $_ENV, and $_SERVER. The contents of $_ENV and $_SERVER can still depend on PHP configuration and request context, so getenv() is the clearest first check for an FPM environment variable.
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Build a safe diagnostic
For a temporary, access-controlled diagnostic endpoint, report only whether a non-secret setting is present and what environment or pool handled the request. For a secret, return a boolean such as “configured” rather than the value itself. Remove the endpoint after testing. Never place complete credentials in an HTTP response, screenshot, production log, or exception message.
Troubleshoot an empty getenv()
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
getenv('NAME') is false |
The pool clears inherited variables and has no matching entry | Keep clear_env = yes and add env[NAME] = $NAME, or deliberately set clear_env = no |
| A literal value never appears | The line is outside the active pool or contains an INI syntax error | Confirm the pool section, run the FPM configuration test, and inspect service errors |
| An expansion is empty | The FPM master did not receive the source variable | Check the service-manager or container startup environment, not just an interactive shell |
| The old value remains after editing | Workers were not replaced | Reload or restart PHP-FPM through its service manager and test a new request |
$_ENV or $_SERVER lacks the value while getenv() works |
PHP configuration or request context does not populate that superglobal | Use getenv() as the primary check and review the pool’s clearing setting |
| One application sees the variable and another does not | The applications use different pools or PHP-FPM versions | Inspect each active pool and reload the FPM instance serving the affected application |
Security and maintenance practices
- Prefer an allow-list. Explicit
env[]entries make the worker boundary visible and reduce accidental disclosure. - Separate configuration from code. Keep deployment-specific values in the pool or service environment rather than hard-coding credentials in application files.
- Review inherited values before disabling clearing.
clear_env = noexposes every variable inherited by the worker, including values introduced by unrelated tooling. - Protect configuration files. Pool files containing secrets should have permissions appropriate to the service account and administrators who maintain it.
- Plan rotation. Changing a service-manager or container variable requires a process reload or restart before FPM workers receive the replacement.
- Keep diagnostics temporary. Environment dumps are useful during controlled troubleshooting but dangerous on a public endpoint.
- Document pool ownership. Record which application uses each pool so a later PHP-version upgrade does not leave variables in an inactive file.
Practical configuration patterns
Fixed application mode with one inherited setting
[www]
clear_env = yes
env[APP_MODE] = production
env[RELEASE_ID] = $RELEASE_ID
APP_MODE is deterministic for this pool. RELEASE_ID must be present in the FPM master’s startup environment; otherwise the worker will not receive the intended release identifier.
Several deployment values with a narrow allow-list
[www]
clear_env = yes
env[APP_ENV] = $APP_ENV
env[LOG_LEVEL] = $LOG_LEVEL
env[API_BASE_URL] = $API_BASE_URL
This pattern keeps unrelated host and service variables out of PHP while still allowing deployment-specific values to change without editing application code.
Broad inheritance for a deliberately controlled runtime
[www]
clear_env = no
Use this only when the complete inherited environment is an intentional part of the runtime contract. Reassess it whenever the container image, service definition, host, or deployment tooling changes.
Decision checklist
- Am I editing the pool that serves this application?
- Do I need one or two variables, or truly the entire inherited environment?
- If I use
$NAME, does the FPM master receiveNAMEfrom the service manager or container? - Is the PHP version at least 8.3.0 if I rely on the documented
${VAR:-default}expansion form? - Have I syntax-checked the configuration?
- Have I reloaded or restarted FPM after the edit?
- Can I verify presence without exposing a credential?
The reliable pattern is therefore: place env[NAME] in the active pool, understand whether the right-hand side is literal or inherited, account for clear_env, validate the configuration, reload FPM, and verify with a protected diagnostic. That sequence explains both how to pass a variable and why a value that exists elsewhere may still be invisible to PHP.
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