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Varnish can terminate TLS itself, but that is a different design. Decide where certificates, HTTP protocol support, scheme headers, and backend encryption belong before changing listeners. Then validate each layer independently instead of treating a successful Nginx reload as proof that caching works.
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Choose the request path before changing ports
Every request must have an unambiguous route. In the common Nginx-fronted design, the path is:
Client
│ HTTPS :443
▼
Nginx (TLS termination, redirects, request headers)
│ HTTP 127.0.0.1:6081
▼
Varnish (VCL and cache policy)
│ HTTP 127.0.0.1:8080
▼
Origin application or origin Nginx serverNginx owns the public TLS socket. Varnish receives only the internal HTTP request and decides whether to serve an object from cache or contact the origin. The origin listener must be different from both public Nginx listeners, otherwise one service will fail to start or requests will loop back into the wrong layer.
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Port plan for the common layout
| Component | Address and port | Purpose | Exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nginx HTTPS | 0.0.0.0:443 (or the server’s public address) |
Client TLS, redirects, and proxying | Public |
| Nginx HTTP redirect | 0.0.0.0:80 |
Redirects HTTP clients to HTTPS | Public |
| Varnish | 127.0.0.1:6081 in this example |
Cache and VCL processing | Private |
| Origin Nginx or application | 127.0.0.1:8080 in the documented default |
Generates uncached responses | Private |
Port 6081 is Varnish’s conservative default in the service documentation. Port 80 is also used in examples where Varnish itself is the front proxy. Do not copy a port from one topology into another without checking which process is intended to own it.
What you need before installation
- A Debian or Ubuntu server with administrative access and a systemd-based service manager.
- A domain whose DNS points to the server, if the site will be reached by a hostname.
- A certificate and private key for every HTTPS name you will serve. The example below uses the conventional paths under
/etc/letsencrypt/live/; substitute the paths used by your certificate process. - An identified origin listener. Decide whether the origin is another Nginx server block, an application server, or a local socket translated to TCP by Nginx.
- A cache policy from the application owner. Public, identical responses are candidates for caching; authenticated, personalized, checkout, cart, administrative, and state-changing requests normally are not.
Install Varnish from the official Varnish repository appropriate for the operating-system release. Package names and repository setup vary by distribution, so use the repository’s current installation instructions rather than assuming that a package from an unrelated release is compatible.
Install Varnish and inspect its service definition
After installation, inspect the service before editing it. The installation guide places the packaged unit at /lib/systemd/system/varnish.service. The unit determines the Varnish listener, VCL file, storage method, and cache size.
- Display the unit and its effective arguments with
systemctl cat varnish. - Identify the
varnishdExecStartline and note the current-alistener,-fVCL path, and storage argument. - Choose a protected listener such as
127.0.0.1:6081for the Nginx-fronted topology. Keep the distribution’s existing VCL and storage arguments unless you have a reason to change them. - Make local service changes through a systemd drop-in or the distribution’s documented override mechanism. Avoid editing a package-managed unit in a way that an upgrade can silently overwrite.
- After any unit change, run
sudo systemctl daemon-reload, then restart Varnish withsudo systemctl restart varnish.
The service must be listening on the address that Nginx will use. If Varnish binds to a public address by accident, firewall it or change the listener; the Nginx-to-Varnish hop is intended to be private in this design.
Move the origin Nginx listener away from port 80
If Nginx currently serves the origin on listen 80;, Varnish cannot also bind that socket. The Varnish quick-start changes the origin Nginx listener to port 8080 and then points the VCL backend at that port.
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- Open every relevant Nginx server block and distinguish the public redirect/TLS blocks from the origin block.
- Change the origin block’s listener to an internal address and port, for example
listen 127.0.0.1:8080;. If the origin must serve several local names, preserve the appropriateserver_namevalues. - Review includes and additional files for other
listen 80;directives. A recursive replacement can alter a health-check, management, or unrelated virtual host, so inspect the result rather than applying a blind search-and-replace. - Run
sudo nginx -t. Reload only if the syntax test succeeds:sudo systemctl reload nginx.
At this point, the origin should answer on 8080, while the eventual public server block will send requests to Varnish on 6081. Test the origin locally before adding cache behavior so that an origin failure is not confused with a VCL failure.
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Define the Varnish backend in VCL
Edit /etc/varnish/default.vcl and make the backend match the origin listener exactly:
vcl 4.1;
backend default {
.host = "127.0.0.1";
.port = "8080";
}The documented default points to 127.0.0.1:8080. Replace both values when the origin uses another address or port. A hostname is allowed, but Varnish resolves DNS names when the VCL is compiled; after changing DNS, reload or recompile the VCL so the new address is used.
Start with generated behavior, then add narrowly scoped rules
The generated VCL provides the safest baseline while you confirm connectivity. Add policy only for responses that the application owner has identified as safe to share between visitors. A small example of request exclusions is:
sub vcl_recv {
if (req.method != "GET" && req.method != "HEAD") {
return (pass);
}
if (req.http.Authorization) {
return (pass);
}
if (req.url ~ "^/(admin|cart|checkout)(/|$)") {
return (pass);
}
}The path names are examples, not a universal application policy. Add your own account, API, preview, logout, search, or other personalized routes as needed. Do not remove cookies, authorization headers, or origin cache-control directives merely to increase the hit rate. If an application deliberately publishes a cookie-bearing response for everyone, document that exception before changing VCL.
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Compile and apply the VCL
Use the Varnish service’s normal reload or restart procedure after editing the file. A syntax error prevents the new configuration from compiling; retain the last known-good VCL until the replacement has compiled successfully. If you changed the systemd unit as well as the VCL, run sudo systemctl daemon-reload first and then restart Varnish. Check the service status immediately afterward with sudo systemctl status varnish.
Configure Nginx to terminate HTTPS and proxy to Varnish
The public Nginx configuration needs one HTTP redirect server and one TLS server. Adapt the domain names and certificate paths:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:6081;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
}
}Nginx requires the ssl parameter on the TLS listening socket and paths for the certificate and private key. The example explicitly permits TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3. Keep the private key readable only by the accounts that need it.
Why each proxy header matters
proxy_passsends the request to Varnish instead of directly to the origin.Host $hostpreserves the hostname used for virtual hosting, URL generation, and tenant selection.X-Real-IP $remote_addrgives the upstream a direct client-address value.X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_forappends the client address to the forwarding chain rather than replacing existing proxy information.X-Forwarded-Proto httpstells the application that the original client connection was HTTPS, even though the internal hop from Nginx to Varnish is HTTP.
Only trust forwarded-address and scheme headers from proxies you control. If the origin is directly reachable from an untrusted network, it must not be allowed to accept forged values as if they came from Nginx.
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Decide where TLS should terminate
There are three valid arrangements. They differ in certificate operations, protocol handling, exposure, and the encryption of internal hops.
| Design | Client-facing listener | Internal connection | When it fits | Operational cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nginx terminates TLS | Nginx on 443 | HTTP from Nginx to private Varnish, then HTTP to the origin | The common, simpler separation of TLS, proxying, and caching | Certificates and TLS settings live in Nginx; the internal hop is unencrypted unless separately protected |
| Varnish terminates TLS | Varnish can listen with an HTTPS address | Varnish can forward HTTP or an encrypted backend connection | You want Varnish at the edge or need its native TLS listener | Certificate loading, startup arguments, and observability move into the Varnish layer |
| Encrypted Varnish-to-backend hop | Either Nginx or Varnish handles client TLS | Varnish backend uses HTTPS with .ssl = 1 |
The origin is on another host or policy requires encryption inside the deployment | Backend certificate validation, names, ports, and failure handling must be configured |
Using Varnish as the HTTPS listener
Varnish documents native HTTPS listeners using address arguments such as -a :80,http and -a :443,https. Its TLS setup also requires loading and committing certificates through the Varnish startup and certificate-management procedure. If Varnish owns port 443, Nginx must not also listen there; move Nginx to an internal origin port or place it behind Varnish.
This layout can be appropriate when the cache is the intended edge proxy, but it changes where you manage certificates and how you provide HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 capabilities. Confirm that the edge component and deployment support the protocols your clients require before choosing it.
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For an HTTPS origin, define the backend on port 443 and set .ssl = 1 in the VCL backend definition. The origin’s certificate name, trust requirements, and SNI behavior must match the deployment. If the origin is local and the host is already protected, plain HTTP may be acceptable; the choice is an architectural and compliance decision, not a cache requirement.
Verify listeners and the complete request path
Validate in layers, from configuration files to the public endpoint:
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- Check Nginx syntax with
sudo nginx -t. Do not reload after a failed test. - Check the service state with
sudo systemctl status nginxandsudo systemctl status varnish. - List listening TCP sockets with
sudo ss -ltnp. Confirm that Nginx owns 443 and 80, Varnish owns the selected private port, and the origin owns 8080. Investigate any duplicate listener. - Request the public endpoint:
curl -I https://example.com/. Confirm the certificate presented for the hostname, the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect, and the expected response status. - Request a known cacheable URL twice. Compare response headers and timing, but interpret them using the application’s cache policy rather than assuming that every second request must be a hit.
- Inspect headers such as
Via,Age, or an application-specific cache marker when your configuration emits them. Their absence alone is not proof of failure if the service intentionally hides those headers. - Test an authenticated URL and a state-changing request. Confirm that VCL passes them to the origin or applies the application’s documented invalidation behavior.
- Review Varnish logs and statistics together with the Nginx error log after each topology change. A 502 or timeout usually identifies a failed hop; a valid origin response with unexpected reuse points to cache policy.
No performance or cache-hit percentage can be inferred from the configuration alone. Measure with representative anonymous and authenticated traffic after correctness and privacy checks pass.
Troubleshoot the failures that occur most often
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| Nginx fails to reload with an address-in-use error | Another server block or Varnish already owns the port | Run ss -ltnp; make 443, 80, the Varnish listener, and 8080 distinct |
| Varnish starts but returns a backend error | The VCL backend address or port does not match the origin | Check .host and .port, then test the origin locally and inspect Varnish logs |
| Varnish will not start after a VCL edit | VCL syntax or an unsupported directive | Read the service journal, restore the last working file, and apply the corrected VCL through the normal reload path |
| The application redirects HTTPS requests back to HTTP | The origin does not know the original scheme | Ensure Nginx sends X-Forwarded-Proto https and that the application trusts the controlled proxy |
| The wrong site or tenant is served | The original Host header was lost |
Set proxy_set_header Host $host and verify the origin’s virtual-host configuration |
| Private or personalized content appears for another user | VCL cached a response that should have bypassed cache | Pass requests with authorization, exclude personalized paths, preserve cookies and cache-control, purge affected objects, and review logs |
| Every request appears to miss | The response is intentionally uncacheable, cookies vary it, or VCL passes it | Inspect response cache-control, request headers, VCL branches, and application-specific cache markers before changing policy |
| Certificate changes are not visible | Nginx or Varnish is still using the previous certificate in memory | Reload the component that terminates TLS using its documented certificate-reload procedure, then repeat the external certificate check |
Cache safely around application state
Varnish is not a substitute for application-level authorization. A cache key normally includes the URL and host, but an application may vary content by cookies, authorization, language, device, or other headers. Treat those variations as part of the design.
- Pass requests carrying
Authorizationunless the application has a documented public-token policy. - Pass non-
GETand non-HEADmethods by default. Do not cache writes. - Exclude login, account, admin, cart, checkout, order, preview, and other personalized paths unless their responses are explicitly public.
- Honor origin
Cache-Control,Set-Cookie, and privacy directives. Removing them without an application decision can disclose data. - Define how content is invalidated after publishing, editing inventory, changing permissions, or logging out. A cache that serves stale public content may be acceptable; a cache that serves stale authorization is not.
Keep the initial policy narrow. Expand it only after observing real response headers and confirming that two different users receive the same representation for every object you intend to share.
Operational checks after deployment
Record the final listener map, certificate locations, VCL revision, and the owner of each cacheable route. That information makes incident response faster than reconstructing the topology from service files.
- Monitor Nginx TLS and upstream errors separately from Varnish backend failures.
- Keep access to the Varnish listener restricted to localhost or a protected internal network.
- Reload certificates before expiry and verify the public chain from outside the server.
- After changing DNS for a backend hostname, recompile or reload VCL because DNS is resolved when VCL is compiled.
- Use application-aware cache headers and logs when deciding whether a request was served from cache.
- Document which component supports the required HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 edge behavior in the chosen TLS design.
The reliable deployment sequence is therefore: establish unique listeners, make the origin work by itself, compile a conservative VCL, configure one TLS terminator, verify each hop, and only then broaden caching.
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