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1Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errorsFor an app-specific 404 page on Dokku, add an nginx.conf.sigil override to the application and map the error to a page with error_page 404 /404.html;. Keep the page location inside the generated server block, mark it internal when it should only be reached through error handling, and point root or alias at a file that Nginx can actually read. Dokku’s built-in 404 page is shared, so changing the shared file affects the default shown by multiple apps rather than branding one application.
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What Dokku shows when a request is not found
Dokku’s Nginx integration supplies shared custom pages for three response groups: non-404 4xx errors, 404 errors, and 5xx errors. The shared files are kept under /var/lib/dokku/data/nginx-vhosts/dokku-errors. This is why a newly deployed application can display the same Dokku-branded 404 response as every other app on the host. The shared directory is a host-wide fallback, not an application repository directory.
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If every application should use the same generic design, changing the relevant shared error page can be appropriate. If only one application needs its own design, do not replace the host-wide file. Put the rule in that app’s generated Nginx configuration instead. The app-level approach keeps the change scoped to one virtual host and lets the page travel with the deployment when it is managed in source control.
A 404 body and a 404 status are separate concerns. The browser can receive your HTML while the response still correctly carries HTTP status 404. Test both; a page that looks right but returns 200 can break crawlers, monitoring, client-side routing, and cache behavior.
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How Nginx’s error_page directive works
The central directive is:
error_page 404 /404.html;Nginx uses this mapping after it encounters a matching error. The error may be generated by Nginx itself, such as a missing static resource, or returned by an upstream server reached through a proxy. The directive does not manufacture a 404 condition; it defines what Nginx should do after a 404 already exists.
In Nginx’s terminology, error_page can return a custom page with an error code, substitute another response code, or redirect the client to another URI. A mapping to a local URI such as /404.html is normally handled as an internal error-page request, so the client remains on the originally requested URL. Unless your configuration deliberately changes the code or redirects externally, verify that the final response is still 404.
The mapped URI needs a matching location. If that location sends the request back through the same proxy and application route that produced the error, you can create an error loop or receive the application’s ordinary fallback page instead of the intended file. A static error location should therefore be deliberately separated from the upstream proxy rules.
“With the error_page directive, you can configure NGINX Plus to return a custom page along with an error code, substitute a different error code in the response, or redirect the browser to a different URI.”
— NGINX/F5 documentation, “Configuring NGINX and NGINX Plus as a Web Server.”
Choose where to customize Dokku
Dokku supports two practical customization points. Select the one that matches who owns the configuration and how often the application is redeployed.
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| Approach | Where it lives | Scope | Portability | Best fit | Main trade-off |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Application template | nginx.conf.sigil in the source tree or image WORKDIR |
One app | High when committed with the app | The rule should travel with deployments and be reviewed with application code | The template must be kept compatible with the installed Dokku release |
| Host include | /home/dokku/APP/nginx.conf.d/*.conf on the Dokku host |
One app’s generated server block | Low outside that host | An operator intentionally manages the rule outside the repository | It is not copied from the application repository and needs separate host administration |
| Shared Dokku error files | /var/lib/dokku/data/nginx-vhosts/dokku-errors |
Host-wide defaults | Host-wide | All apps should share the same fallback design | A change affects other applications and is not app-specific |
For a branded page belonging to one application, the repository-managed template is usually the clearest choice. Use a host include when policy requires central operator ownership, when several deployment repositories must inherit one host rule, or when changing application source is not acceptable. Do not treat the two app-level methods as cumulative requirements; normally one is enough.
Put the template where Dokku will read it
Git-based deployments
For a normal Git deployment, Dokku looks for nginx.conf.sigil in the root of the source tree. A file in a nested directory is ignored unless you change the configured path.
Image-based deployments
For git:from-image and git:load-image deployments, Dokku searches the Docker image’s WORKDIR. Confirm the image’s working directory and place the template there; placing it only in the local repository does not make it available to an image deployment.
Monorepos
A monorepo can keep the template in a repository-relative subdirectory. Set the path on the app, for example:
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dokku nginx:set APP nginx-conf-sigil-path .dokku/nginx.conf.sigilReplace APP with the actual Dokku app name and use the path relative to the repository root. This setting changes where Dokku searches; it does not turn a host-side include into a repository file.
Build the app-specific 404 configuration
First create the 404 document in the location your chosen Nginx rule will serve. Keep the page self-contained or use asset URLs that remain valid when the page is returned for an arbitrary missing path. A relative reference such as css/site.css can resolve beneath a nonexistent URL and fail; root-relative or otherwise deliberately reachable asset paths are safer.
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Then add the error mapping to the app’s Nginx template. The following is a pattern, not a universal drop-in file:
server {
# Preserve the proxy, upstream, SSL, and Dokku directives
# from the template shipped with your installed Dokku release.
error_page 404 /404.html;
location = /404.html {
root /home/dokku/APP/public;
internal;
}
}Use the exact server structure from the template installed on your host and adapt the document path to your deployment. The example assumes that /home/dokku/APP/public exists on the host and that Nginx can read the file there. In another layout, the page may be supplied by the application container or by a different host path. The important pieces are the 404 mapping, a location that resolves /404.html, and a path with correct permissions.
Why the surrounding template matters
Dokku warns that its default Nginx template can change between releases. A custom file that replaces the whole template can silently discard proxy settings, upstream definitions, TLS handling, headers, health behavior, or other generated directives. Start from the template shipped by the Dokku version installed on the server, preserve its required sections, and add the smallest possible override. Review the custom file whenever Dokku is upgraded.
Why use an exact-match, internal location
location = /404.html limits the rule to the error document rather than every path beneath a directory. internal means Nginx can use the URI for internal error handling but does not expose it as an ordinary public endpoint. Keep that restriction when the page is an implementation detail. Remove it only when direct requests to /404.html are an intentional part of the site’s public design, and understand that doing so changes the page’s exposure.
Make sure the page is available to the selected serving layer
The most common configuration mistake is writing a correct error_page line while pointing root at a path that does not exist in the layer serving the request. Check all of the following before reloading:
- The file name and URI agree:
/404.htmlmust resolve to the file you created. - The
rootoraliaspath is valid for the host-side Nginx process, not merely for a path inside a container. - The Nginx worker can traverse parent directories and read the HTML file.
- The custom location is not accidentally captured by a broad proxy location.
- Any images, stylesheets, or scripts referenced by the page are reachable under the same virtual host.
If your deployment serves the document from the application container instead of the host, adapt the location to that deployment’s supported serving path rather than copying the host-path example unchanged. Dokku’s generated template, the app’s document root, file permissions, and whether the file is served by the container all have to agree.
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Use a host-managed nginx.conf.d include when appropriate
Dokku also includes files from /home/dokku/APP/nginx.conf.d/*.conf in the generated server block. These files are created on the Dokku host; they are not copied from the application repository. Put only directives valid in the include’s generated context and inspect the rendered result after adding one.
This method is useful when an administrator owns production Nginx policy, when several deployment sources should receive the same operational rule, or when repository changes are intentionally restricted. It is less portable: rebuilding the app or moving it to another Dokku host does not bring the include along. Keep a written record or configuration-management entry for the host file so it is not lost during migration.
Do not add a second, conflicting 404 mapping in both the repository template and the host include unless you have verified the generated ordering and have a specific reason. Two locations or duplicate directives can make the effective rule difficult to diagnose.
Validate and reload safely
After editing a host include or changing the app’s Nginx configuration, inspect the generated file before relying on the result:
- Render the app configuration with
dokku nginx:show-config APP. Confirm that the output containserror_page 404 /404.html;and the intendedlocation, with no accidental proxy or syntax changes. - Validate the app configuration with
dokku nginx:validate-config APP. This catches syntax and rendering errors before a reload. - Reload Nginx with
dokku nginx:reload. Dokku validates the current configuration and, when it is valid, signals Nginx to reload without restarting the running process. If validation fails, Dokku exits without reloading the invalid configuration. - Request a URL that cannot exist and inspect both headers and body. A command such as
curl -i https://your-host.example/path-that-does-not-existshould show the custom content and an HTTP 404 status.
The reload command applies the current host configuration; it does not create a missing file, repair permissions, or rewrite an incorrect template path. Fix those conditions first, then validate and reload again.
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The old Dokku 404 page still appears
Run dokku nginx:show-config APP and search the rendered output rather than the source tree. If the mapping is absent, Dokku did not find the template, the monorepo path setting is wrong, or the edited file belongs to a different deployment source. For a Git deployment, check the repository root; for an image deployment, check the image’s WORKDIR. If the mapping is present, inspect the location that serves /404.html and confirm that the file exists at that layer.
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The response is 502 instead of 404
A missing, undeployed, or stopped web process is a separate condition from an application-generated 404. When no web process is running, Dokku creates a minimal generated configuration that returns 502; it replaces that configuration after web processes are running. Check the app’s process state and deployment before debugging the 404 page. A custom 404 mapping cannot turn an unavailable web process into a healthy application.
The custom document itself returns 404
This usually means the URI mapping works but the file path does not. Verify the spelling of 404.html, the directory named by root or alias, and read and traverse permissions for the Nginx worker. If the file exists only inside the container while the location uses a host path, change the serving design to match the deployment rather than copying the file name into an unrelated host directory.
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Run dokku nginx:validate-config APP and read the reported line. Common causes include placing a directive in the wrong context, leaving an unmatched brace in a copied template, or adding a host include that conflicts with generated directives. Dokku does not reload when the configuration is invalid, so the last valid configuration continues serving.
The page loops or the application fallback appears
Inspect the rendered locations. If /404.html is caught by a catch-all proxy, the request may return to the upstream that generated the error. Give the error document a specific location and ensure it resolves to a static, readable resource or to an intentionally designed application route. Keep internal when direct access is not required.
The browser shows the page but the status is 200
Use curl -i or browser developer tools to inspect the status line, not only the rendered body. A redirect, an explicit replacement code, or an application route that returns success can change the result. Adjust the Nginx rule so the missing request remains a 404 unless your product deliberately requires another status.
The configuration looks right but the result is still unexpected
Use Dokku’s documented log commands: dokku nginx:access-logs APP and dokku nginx:error-logs APP. The access log confirms which URI and status were served; the error log can reveal permission failures, missing files, internal redirect loops, or upstream problems. Reproduce with one deliberately nonexistent URL while watching the relevant entries.
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Use the shared directory when the requirement is a consistent host-wide fallback, such as one neutral maintenance design for every app. Use nginx.conf.sigil when the page belongs to one product, must be reviewed with its source, or should be deployed repeatedly across equivalent Dokku hosts. Use nginx.conf.d when production operations deliberately own the rule outside application repositories.
Do not edit the shared page expecting only one app to change. Conversely, do not commit a host-specific include to a repository and assume Dokku will copy it into /home/dokku/APP/nginx.conf.d; that directory is maintained on the host.
Upgrade and maintenance checklist
- Record the Dokku release used when the template was created.
- Before a Dokku upgrade, compare your custom
nginx.conf.sigilwith the newly installed default template. - Preserve generated proxy, upstream, SSL, and other required directives while retaining only the custom 404 additions.
- After an upgrade, run
dokku nginx:show-config APPanddokku nginx:validate-config APPbefore reloading. - Request a nonexistent path and verify the branded body, the 404 status, and the absence of redirect or proxy loops.
- For host includes, keep a separate backup or configuration-management copy because the application repository does not contain those files.
The durable pattern is simple: let Dokku generate the complete server from the release-matched template, add one deliberate 404 mapping and a reachable error location, then validate the rendered configuration. Treat the file path, process state, status code, and template version as separate checks; correcting only one of them does not guarantee a working custom page.
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