Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteIf Nginx shows its welcome page or Gunicorn loads a different Django site, trace the request through both routing boundaries: Nginx must select the correct server {} block, and that block must forward to a Gunicorn process started with the intended project, virtual environment, and working directory. Inspect the loaded configuration, remove the competing default site, correct proxy_pass, repair the systemd unit, then test with the real domain in the HTTP Host header.
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Why the default project appears
There are two separate selection decisions. Treating them as one problem often leads to changing Django settings when the request never reached that Django process, or changing Nginx when the proxy is correctly forwarding to the wrong Gunicorn service.
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Nginx chooses a virtual server before it proxies anything
Nginx first uses the connection’s listen address and port, then compares the HTTP Host header with the server_name values in the server blocks listening there. If the host does not match, Nginx sends the request to that port’s default server. When no server block is explicitly marked default_server, the first server loaded for the address and port becomes the default.
That behavior explains a common pattern: the domain is configured in a file you edited, but Nginx still serves its distribution welcome page. The intended file may not be included, its symlink may be missing, the request may use a different host name, or the packaged default server may be winning the match.
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Gunicorn can start a different Django application
After Nginx selects a server, proxy_pass sends the request to a Unix socket or TCP port. The Gunicorn process at that endpoint has its own application selection. Its module name, systemd WorkingDirectory, virtual environment, optional --pythonpath, and DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE determine which Django project starts.
The normal invocation is gunicorn myproject.wsgi, run from the directory containing that project’s manage.py. A correct Nginx configuration cannot fix a systemd unit that starts otherproject.wsgi or runs from a directory where imports resolve to another package.
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Static files can create a third misleading result
Nginx commonly serves CSS, JavaScript, and uploaded files directly with a root or an explicit static location, while proxying dynamic requests to Gunicorn. If the selected server block has the wrong document root, a static request can look like a default site even though dynamic requests are reaching Django. Always identify which server block handles the request and whether the path is served locally or proxied.
Identify which layer is wrong
| What you see | Most likely boundary | First checks |
|---|---|---|
| Nginx welcome page or a distribution default page | Nginx virtual-server selection | server_name, listen port, HTTP Host, enabled-site links, and the loaded configuration |
| Your domain displays another Django project | Gunicorn application selection | systemd ExecStart, WorkingDirectory, virtualenv path, WSGI module, and DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE |
| 502 Bad Gateway | Proxy-to-Gunicorn connection | Gunicorn status, socket or port, proxy_pass, and socket permissions |
| HTML is correct but CSS or JavaScript is from a default site | Nginx static-file handling | Selected server’s root, static location, and whether another server block handled the asset request |
| Domain works but the server IP shows a default page | Host-name mismatch | The IP request’s Host header and whether the IP is deliberately listed in server_name |
Inspect the configuration Nginx and systemd actually loaded
Do not rely on the file you think is active. Distribution layouts usually separate available site files from enabled symbolic links, and Nginx may include additional files from its main configuration.
- Print the complete parsed Nginx configuration, including included files:
sudo nginx -T
Search the output for everylisten,server_name,default_server,root, andproxy_pass. This reveals duplicate server blocks and the order in which they are loaded. - List enabled site links and inspect where they point. On layouts that use the conventional directories, run:
ls -l /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
Confirm the intended site file is linked and that the packaged default is not still competing on the same port. - Read the service definition that starts Gunicorn:
sudo systemctl cat gunicorn-project.service
If the service has a template name, substitute its actual unit name. Also check overrides with:sudo systemctl status gunicorn-project.service - Record the endpoint in both places. Write down the socket path or TCP address in Gunicorn’s start command, then compare it character-for-character with Nginx’s
proxy_pass. A one-character path difference creates a 502 or sends traffic to another service.
When several Gunicorn units exist, compare their unit names, process IDs, working directories, and bind arguments. A healthy process is not necessarily the process your selected Nginx server uses.
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Make the intended Nginx server block win
Declare every hostname users actually send
Put the production domain and any deliberate www alias in the same server_name directive. For example:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location /static/ {
alias /srv/example/static/;
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://unix:/run/gunicorn-example.sock;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}Replace the domain, static directory, and socket with the values used by your deployment. The important points are that the block listens on the public port, names the requested host, and forwards dynamic requests to the intended endpoint. Keep static handling separate so a document root from an unrelated site cannot answer those paths.
Disable the packaged default site when it competes
If the distribution’s default site listens on the same address and port, disable its enabled link or remove that site from the active include set. On systems using the conventional layout, a typical operation is:
sudo unlink /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/defaultUse the actual link shown by your system; do not delete a file blindly. Keeping an available copy is harmless, but an enabled default server can capture unmatched hosts and obscure configuration errors.
Use an intentional catch-all only when you need one
Some administrators retain a catch-all server to reject unknown hosts or redirect them. Make that choice explicit rather than allowing whichever file loads first to become the default:
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server {
listen 80 default_server;
server_name _;
return 444;
}The status and behavior are policy choices. A catch-all should not proxy to your Django application accidentally. If you need IP access for administration or testing, create a deliberate rule for it; otherwise test with the production domain.
Check that the file is included
A correctly written file has no effect if the main Nginx configuration does not include it. nginx -T is the authoritative check because it prints the parsed result, not merely a directory listing. If your distribution does not use sites-enabled, follow the include paths shown at the top of that output.
Point proxy_pass at the right Gunicorn endpoint
Unix socket arrangement
A Unix socket is a filesystem endpoint, often used when Nginx and Gunicorn run on the same machine. The socket path in Nginx must exactly match the bind path used by Gunicorn. Nginx’s worker user also needs permission to connect to it.
# Gunicorn argument
--bind unix:/run/gunicorn-example.sock
# Matching Nginx directive
proxy_pass http://unix:/run/gunicorn-example.sock;If the service creates the socket in a runtime directory, check that the directory exists after boot and that its ownership and mode permit Nginx access. A running Gunicorn process with an inaccessible socket still produces a 502.
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With TCP, Gunicorn binds to a local address and port, and Nginx proxies to that exact address:
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# Gunicorn argument
--bind 127.0.0.1:8001
# Matching Nginx directive
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8001;Do not change the port in only one configuration. If multiple Django projects use TCP, assign and document a distinct port for each service.
| Consideration | Unix socket | Loopback TCP |
|---|---|---|
| Endpoint | Filesystem path such as /run/gunicorn-example.sock |
Address and port such as 127.0.0.1:8001 |
| Typical failure | Wrong path, missing runtime directory, or Nginx permission denial | Port mismatch, service not listening, or another process using the port |
| What to compare | Gunicorn bind path, Nginx proxy_pass, owner, group, and mode |
Gunicorn bind address and port, Nginx target, and listening process |
| Isolation test | Use a local request through the Unix socket | Use a local request to the loopback port |
Correct the Gunicorn systemd unit
Open the unit and verify all fields that determine application identity. A representative service looks like this:
[Unit]
Description=Gunicorn for the example Django project
After=network.target
[Service]
User=django
Group=www-data
WorkingDirectory=/srv/example
ExecStart=/srv/example/venv/bin/gunicorn example.wsgi
--bind unix:/run/gunicorn-example.sock
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetThe values are examples, not universal paths. Your WorkingDirectory should contain the intended project’s manage.py, and the executable in ExecStart should belong to that project’s virtual environment. The WSGI module must identify the same project’s package. If settings are not selected by the WSGI module, set the intended DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE explicitly in the unit’s environment.
Check for subtle project mix-ups
- Two projects may have similar package names. Confirm the absolute working directory and inspect the module path from that environment.
- An old unit may still be enabled and listening on the endpoint you expect the new unit to use.
- A
--pythonpathoption can make imports resolve outside the working directory. Remove it or correct it when it points at the wrong source tree. - Running Gunicorn manually from a shell can hide a broken systemd environment. Compare the manual command with
ExecStart, user, environment, and working directory.
After editing a unit, ask systemd to reread it, restart the service, and inspect the result:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart gunicorn-example.service
sudo systemctl status gunicorn-example.service
sudo journalctl -u gunicorn-example.service -n 100 --no-pagerUse the actual unit name. A successful restart only proves the process launched; the logs and endpoint test establish that it launched the intended Django project.
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Validate configuration before testing in a browser
- Validate Nginx syntax and included files:
sudo nginx -t
Do not reload until it reports a successful test. - Reload Nginx so the corrected server block becomes active:
sudo systemctl reload nginx - Inspect Gunicorn’s resolved settings when a service starts an unexpected application. From the appropriate virtual environment,
gunicorn --print-configdisplays resolved configuration, whilegunicorn --check-configvalidates application configuration. Run these with the same module, working directory, and environment used by systemd. - Test the public route with an explicit host header. From the server or another machine, use:
curl -i -H 'Host: example.com' http://127.0.0.1/
This distinguishes domain routing from a browser cache and proves which virtual host handles that host value. - Test the application endpoint directly. For a TCP bind:
curl -i http://127.0.0.1:8001/
For a Unix socket, use a curl build that supports Unix sockets:curl --unix-socket /run/gunicorn-example.sock -i http://localhost/ - Compare response headers, status, and HTML between the direct Gunicorn request and the Nginx request. If direct Gunicorn is wrong, fix systemd or Django. If direct Gunicorn is right but Nginx is wrong, fix virtual-server selection, proxying, or static handling.
Fix the common failure branches
The Nginx welcome page remains
Run nginx -T and find the server block that returns the welcome page. Confirm the request’s host and port, then check whether the intended file is enabled and included. Remove or replace the competing default link, add the real domain and www alias to server_name, test syntax, and reload. If you intentionally kept a catch-all, verify that it is not the only matching block.
The wrong Django project appears
Bypass Nginx and query the Gunicorn socket or port. If the wrong project is returned directly, inspect ExecStart, WorkingDirectory, the virtualenv executable, WSGI module, --pythonpath, and DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE. Check for a second unit or an old process using the same endpoint. Restart the corrected unit after a daemon reload.
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Nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway
First establish that Gunicorn is running. Then compare the bind argument with proxy_pass exactly. For sockets, inspect existence and permissions; for TCP, verify the listening address and port. Nginx’s error log usually identifies whether the failure is “no such file,” “permission denied,” or “connection refused,” which tells you whether to repair the path, ownership, or process.
Only static files come from the default site
Use the loaded configuration to find the selected server’s root, alias, and location rules. Ensure the static path points to the intended project’s collected files and that another server block is not matching the asset host. Dynamic proxying and static serving are independent; fixing one does not automatically fix the other.
The domain works but the IP address does not
A request made to an IP normally carries that IP as its Host value, which may not match a domain-only server_name. Nginx then uses the port’s default server. Include the IP deliberately only if that access path is required; otherwise use the domain and an explicit host-header test when diagnosing the production route.
Compare deployment arrangements before changing them
If you are deciding between two working layouts, compare the complete path rather than choosing a socket or port in isolation.
| Question | Evidence to record |
|---|---|
| Which endpoint is used? | Unix socket path or loopback TCP address and port in both Gunicorn and Nginx |
| Who owns the process and endpoint? | systemd User/Group, socket owner and mode, and Nginx worker permissions |
| Which project starts? | Unit name, WorkingDirectory, virtualenv executable, WSGI module, and settings module |
| Which request reaches it? | Listen address, port, server_name, aliases, default server, and actual HTTP Host |
| Who serves static files? | Nginx root/alias and location rules, separate from the Gunicorn route |
The arrangement with fewer ambiguous defaults is easier to operate. Give each project a clearly named unit, a unique endpoint, an explicit server name, and a documented static directory.
Quick Recap
Prevent the problem from returning
- Keep one authoritative systemd unit per Django project and give the unit, socket, and service logs matching names.
- Use absolute paths for the working directory, virtualenv executable, WSGI module, and socket or bind address.
- Keep the packaged default site disabled unless it is an intentional catch-all.
- After every configuration change, run
nginx -t, reload Nginx, and check the relevant service status and logs. - Document every production hostname, including whether
wwwand direct IP access are supported. - Include a direct Gunicorn endpoint test and a domain request with an explicit
Hostheader in deployment checks.
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