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WordPress generates the variables for both the Site Editor and the front end, so one token system can drive authoring and rendered pages.
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What WordPress generates from theme.json
A block theme’s theme.json file has two related jobs: it declares which design controls a theme supports, and it defines the values and styles that use those controls. WordPress turns supported settings into CSS custom properties and prints the resulting CSS where the editor and the front end can use it.
There are two naming families:
- Custom settings: variables beginning with
--wp--custom--. - Presets: variables beginning with
--wp--preset--, followed by a feature and slug.
For example, a custom key named lineHeight becomes --wp--custom--line-height. A nested key such as lineHeight.md becomes --wp--custom--line-height--md. A color palette entry with the slug primary becomes --wp--preset--color--primary.
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Choose between a custom property and a preset
The right declaration point depends on how the value should behave in the editor and in your theme’s design system.
| Question | settings.custom |
Standard preset collection |
|---|---|---|
| What is it for? | A free-form theme token that WordPress should expose as a CSS custom property. | A standardized value for a supported feature such as color, font size, font family, spacing, or shadow. |
| How is it named? | --wp--custom--{key}, with nested keys added as more -- segments. |
--wp--preset--{feature}--{slug}. |
| Should it participate in the standard editor controls? | Not by itself. It is a token your theme can consume. | Yes. Supported presets are designed for standardized Site Editor options. |
| How is it referenced in theme.json? | var:custom|… |
var:preset|… |
| How is it referenced in ordinary CSS? | var(--wp--custom--…) |
var(--wp--preset--…) |
Use a preset when an editor should choose among named palette colors, type sizes, spacing values, or other supported controls. Use settings.custom when the value is a theme implementation token or when no standard preset collection represents it. A custom line-height scale is a typical example: it can be reused consistently without pretending that it is a color palette or another preset type.
Define custom variables in settings.custom
Put your declarations under the top-level settings object. Keys are converted to kebab case, so JavaScript-style camelCase is safe to use in JSON while the generated CSS uses conventional CSS naming.
{
"$schema": "https://schemas.wp.org/trunk/theme.json",
"version": 2,
"settings": {
"custom": {
"lineHeight": {
"sm": "1.25",
"md": "1.5"
}
}
}
}This creates variables equivalent to:
--wp--custom--line-height--sm: 1.25;
--wp--custom--line-height--md: 1.5;WordPress assigns the values and loads the generated properties for you. You do not need to duplicate those declarations in style.css. Keep nesting practical: every additional object level produces another name segment and a longer variable name, which makes tokens harder to read and maintain.
Use valid JSON, not JavaScript
- Quote property names and string values.
- Separate properties with commas, but do not leave a trailing comma after the final property.
- Keep the file’s declared
versioncompatible with the theme.json API you are targeting. - Preserve the
$schemaURL if you use editor validation and autocomplete.
Register a preset when the value is a standard design control
Supported preset groups include colors, font sizes, font families, spacing, and shadows. A preset entry has a human-readable name, a slug, and the value appropriate to that feature.
"settings": {
"color": {
"palette": [
{
"name": "Primary",
"slug": "primary",
"color": "#1e40af"
}
]
}
}WordPress generates a variable equivalent to --wp--preset--color--primary: #1e40af. The slug is the stable part of the token. Changing the display name does not change the reference, but changing the slug requires updating every use of that preset.
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Presets also give WordPress the information it needs to present standardized choices in the Site Editor. If a user should be able to select a color or type size through Appearance > Editor > Styles, register it in the relevant preset collection rather than hiding it as an unrelated custom key.
Reference tokens inside theme.json
Inside the styles tree, use WordPress’s pipe-delimited token notation. This is not the same syntax as a CSS declaration in a stylesheet.
| Token type | theme.json reference | Generated CSS form |
|---|---|---|
| Custom line-height token | var:custom|line-height|md |
var(--wp--custom--line-height--md) |
| Preset color token | var:preset|color|primary |
var(--wp--preset--color--primary) |
In the WordPress form, the segments identify the token family, feature path, and final key. For a nested custom object such as lineHeight.md, the reference is var:custom|line-height|md. For a color palette entry, the reference is var:preset|color|primary.
Complete working example
The following version-2 example defines two custom line-height tokens and one color preset, then consumes them at the global and block levels.
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{
"$schema": "https://schemas.wp.org/trunk/theme.json",
"version": 2,
"settings": {
"custom": {
"lineHeight": {
"sm": "1.25",
"md": "1.5"
}
},
"color": {
"palette": [
{
"name": "Primary",
"slug": "primary",
"color": "#1e40af"
}
]
}
},
"styles": {
"typography": {
"lineHeight": "var:custom|line-height|md"
},
"color": {
"text": "var:preset|color|primary"
},
"blocks": {
"core/paragraph": {
"typography": {
"lineHeight": "var:custom|line-height|sm"
}
}
}
}
}The global typography rule uses the medium line-height, while paragraphs use the smaller value. The global text color points to the registered primary palette color. WordPress emits the variables and applies the corresponding rules in the editor and on the front end.
Put consumers in the styles tree
Declare tokens in settings.custom or a preset collection, then consume them under styles. The styles tree has three useful scopes.
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Top-level styles
Properties directly under styles apply to the global style context, with top-level output emitted for the body selector. Use this level for defaults such as the site’s base text color, typography, or spacing behavior.
"styles": {
"typography": {
"lineHeight": "var:custom|line-height|md"
},
"color": {
"text": "var:preset|color|primary"
}
}Semantic elements
The styles.elements branch is for supported semantic elements. It keeps an element-level rule in the global styles system instead of requiring a hand-written selector in a stylesheet. Use the element properties that the current theme.json API supports, and verify the living reference when targeting an API version newer than the version-2 example.
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Place block-specific rules under styles.blocks, using the block name such as core/paragraph. WordPress emits these declarations for the matching block selectors. This is preferable to writing a broad selector when the intent is limited to one block type.
"styles": {
"blocks": {
"core/paragraph": {
"typography": {
"lineHeight": "var:custom|line-height|sm"
}
}
}
}A block rule can override a global value intentionally. Keep that relationship explicit: define the reusable token once, apply the site default globally, and override only the blocks that need a different token.
Use the generated variables in style.css
Regular CSS does not understand the pipe-delimited theme.json notation. In a stylesheet, call the generated custom property with the CSS var() function.
.example-class {
line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--md);
color: var(--wp--preset--color--primary);
}This works for selectors and CSS features that are outside the standard style properties, provided the generated variable is in scope. The same custom property can therefore be consumed by theme.json styles, an external stylesheet, or the theme’s styles.css field.
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Decide when to stay in theme.json and when to write CSS
WordPress recommends the standard styles properties for supported colors, typography, spacing, and related controls. That route keeps the value inside the Global Styles system and lets users adjust it through the Site Editor when the feature is exposed there.
Use the styles.css field or an external stylesheet when you need a selector or CSS feature that the standard style properties do not model. Examples include a narrowly targeted selector, a property that is not represented in the current theme.json schema, or a component rule that must be authored as ordinary CSS.
- Prefer theme.json styles for global defaults, semantic elements, and block-level settings covered by the API.
- Prefer stylesheet CSS for unsupported properties and selector-specific behavior.
- Use the generated variable in either place so the value remains centralized in the token definition.
Once you move a rule into CSS, normal cascade and specificity rules apply. A more specific selector, a later declaration, or an inline style can override the result even though both declarations use the same generated variable.
How the editor and front end use the same token system
WordPress loads the generated custom properties in the block editor and on the rendered site. This prevents a common split where a value looks correct while editing but changes on the published page. It also means that a preset or custom token can be the single source for global styles, block styles, and custom selectors.
The editor’s controls are not identical for every token type. A preset belongs to a documented feature and can be surfaced as a standardized choice. A custom setting is a free-form variable declaration; adding it does not automatically create a new control in the Styles interface. To make a user-adjustable option, use the appropriate supported setting and style property when one exists.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Inspect the generated names before troubleshooting
Most reference errors come from using the wrong family, slug, or nesting path. Work through the name mechanically:
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- Start with the declaration family:
customor a preset feature such ascolor. - Convert camelCase keys to kebab case.
lineHeightbecomesline-height. - Append each nested object key as another double-hyphen segment.
- For presets, use the exact feature and slug from the preset entry.
- Use pipe-delimited
var:…syntax in theme.json and the fullvar(--wp--…)name in CSS.
For the example declaration lineHeight.md, the final CSS name is --wp--custom--line-height--md, not --wp--custom--lineHeight--md. For the palette entry with slug primary, it is --wp--preset--color--primary.
Common failures and precise fixes
The variable is empty or the fallback is used
- Check that the key is under
settings.custom, not besidesettingsor insidestyles. - Confirm that every nested segment appears in the reference and is in the same order.
- Confirm that the CSS spelling uses kebab case and the complete
--wp--custom--or--wp--preset--prefix. - Reload the editor and front end after changing
theme.json; stale generated CSS can make a corrected declaration appear missing.
The theme.json parser reports an error
- Validate JSON punctuation and quotation marks.
- Ensure the referenced style property is supported by the declared API version.
- Check that the value type is appropriate for the property. A line-height token should resolve to a usable line-height value, while a color token should resolve to a color.
The value works in CSS but not as a Site Editor control
That is expected for many custom settings. A custom property is a reusable declaration, not a new editor panel. If the value maps to a supported WordPress feature, register it as that preset type and apply it through the corresponding style property. Keep it custom when it is an implementation token with no standard control.
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Inspect styles.blocks and any block supports or user-applied styles. A block-specific declaration intentionally takes precedence over the global body-level style. Also check stylesheet specificity if a custom selector is competing with generated block CSS.
Design a maintainable token hierarchy
Start with a small vocabulary that describes intent and reuse it consistently. A nested object is useful when related values form a scale, as with lineHeight.sm and lineHeight.md. Avoid nesting merely to mirror every component in the theme; long generated names make references cumbersome and increase the chance of typos.
- Use stable slugs for presets because those slugs become part of the public token name.
- Use descriptive custom keys that explain the role of the value rather than where it happens to be used.
- Define one value once, then reference it from global, element, block, and stylesheet rules.
- Keep a distinction between editor-facing presets and internal implementation tokens.
For example, a palette color belongs in the color preset collection when it is part of the site’s selectable design system. A line-height scale can remain in settings.custom and be assigned to the global typography rule and selected blocks.
Version and schema considerations
The examples here use "version": 2. WordPress’s theme.json API evolves, so confirm property support and syntax against the living theme.json reference when building for a newer API version. The schema URL in the example is useful for editor validation, but schema support does not change the underlying distinction between custom settings, presets, and CSS consumption.
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A practical implementation checklist
- Decide whether the value is an editor-facing preset or a free-form theme token.
- Add custom values under
settings.custom, or add a supported preset under its documented settings collection. - Choose clear keys and slugs; remember that camelCase is converted to kebab case.
- Reference the token with
var:custom|…orvar:preset|…inside theme.json. - Use
var(--wp--custom--…)orvar(--wp--preset--…)in ordinary CSS. - Apply supported properties in
styles,styles.elements, orstyles.blocksso Global Styles can manage them. - Use
styles.cssor an external stylesheet only for selector-specific or otherwise unsupported CSS. - Verify the generated property in both the editor and the front end, then inspect cascade and specificity if a rule is overridden.
Bottom line
settings.custom is WordPress’s declaration point for your own CSS custom properties. Registered presets are the standardized, editor-oriented option; custom settings are the flexible token layer. Define each value once, use WordPress token syntax in theme.json, use normal var() syntax in CSS, and keep consumers in the styles tree whenever the standard API supports the property.
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