Bedrock and Trellis solve different parts of self-hosted WordPress. Bedrock is the Composer-managed application layer; Trellis is the Ansible-based system for provisioning servers, developing locally and deploying releases. Together they turn a bare Ubuntu VPS into a Git-driven WordPress platform with reproducible configuration, HTTPS, service setup, atomic releases and rollback. You still administer the machine over SSH, and database schema changes remain your responsibility.
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What Bedrock and Trellis are
WordPress normally mixes core files, plugins, themes, uploads and configuration in one web directory. Bedrock reorganizes that application into a Composer project. WordPress core is installed as a Composer dependency, while themes, plugins and other content live in a controlled application directory. Dependency versions are recorded in Git, so another environment can install the same set of packages instead of relying on manual uploads.
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Outbyte PC Repair FREERepair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsFix Now →Outbyte Driver Updater FREEScan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minuteDriver Scan →Trellis surrounds that application with infrastructure automation. Roots describes it as a tool to create WordPress web servers and deploy WordPress sites. Its Ansible playbooks configure the operating system and services, while YAML files let you customize infrastructure as code. Trellis also supports optional Lima virtual machines for local development, giving a team a repeatable environment rather than asking every developer to configure PHP, a database and a web server by hand.
The division of responsibility
| Layer | Primary job | What it does not do |
|---|---|---|
| Bedrock | Manages WordPress core, plugins, themes and PHP dependencies through Composer; keeps application configuration suitable for Git. | It does not provision your VPS, configure Nginx or perform server deployments by itself. |
| Trellis | Creates and configures the server, supports local environments, pulls a Git repository and publishes releases with Ansible. | It does not automatically perform WordPress installation or database schema migrations on a remote host. |
The practical model is simple: commit the Bedrock site and Trellis configuration to Git, provision a stock server, then let Trellis install each release and switch production to it.
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How a Trellis project is organized
A standard project keeps infrastructure and application code beside each other:
trellis/contains customized server, environment and deployment configuration.site/contains the Bedrock WordPress project.- Inside
site/web/,app/holds themes, plugins and other WordPress content, whilewp/contains WordPress core managed by Composer.
This separation matters during deployment. The release contains versioned code, while directories such as uploads and other shared data can remain outside an individual release and be linked into it. A new release can therefore be prepared without replacing the files serving the current request.
What you need before provisioning
Current Trellis remote-server guidance targets a bare, stock Ubuntu 24.04 LTS server. You need administrative SSH access and a public key that Trellis can use. Shared hosting and managed hosts are outside Trellis’s provisioning model; the provider must give you a machine you control at the operating-system level.
| Requirement | Why it matters |
|---|---|
| Bare Ubuntu 24.04 LTS VPS | Trellis configures the operating system and services directly; a preconfigured shared or managed account cannot provide that control. |
| SSH access and public keys | Provisioning and deployments run remotely over SSH. Key-based access is the normal starting point. |
| Git repository | Trellis deploys a Bedrock-based project from a repository and a configured branch. |
| DNS and domain plan | Your hostname must resolve to the server before production HTTPS and application checks can work as expected. |
| Database plan | You must import an existing database or complete a fresh WordPress installation after the first deployment. |
The current Trellis stack page lists Nginx, PHP 8.3, MariaDB, Let’s Encrypt, Composer, WP-CLI, Memcached, Fail2ban and ferm for Ubuntu 24.04. Redis and FastCGI micro-caching are optional features. Exact memory, storage and traffic sizing depend on the site, so size the VPS for PHP workers, database load, media storage, backups and traffic rather than treating the software list as a capacity recommendation.
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Provisioning a VPS step by step
- Create or obtain a compatible server. Use a bare Ubuntu 24.04 LTS instance from a supported VPS provider. Trellis documentation names DigitalOcean and Hetzner Cloud integrations. If you use
trellis server create production, the relevant provider API token must be available to the command. - Prepare the environment configuration. Copy the site configuration into the target environment and set the server hostname. Keep production values separate from development values, especially database credentials, salts and secret keys.
- Install your public SSH key. Add the key that will administer the host and run deployments. Test SSH access before running Ansible so a key or user error is not confused with a provisioning failure.
- Review root access. Trellis guidance recommends considering the disabling of direct root login after you have confirmed that your administrative account and
sudopath work. Make this change only after testing the replacement access method. - Provision the environment. Run
trellis provision <environment>. Replace<environment>with the environment name defined by your project, commonly a production or staging environment. - Verify services and DNS. Confirm that Nginx, PHP-FPM, MariaDB and the firewall-related services are running, that the hostname resolves to the VPS and that Let’s Encrypt can validate the domain.
- Record recovery access. Keep an out-of-band console or provider recovery method, encrypted backups and the SSH key procedure documented before putting the site under load.
Provisioning is configuration management, not a one-time wizard. Changes committed to the Trellis configuration can be applied consistently to a rebuilt server, which is the main advantage over hand-editing a VPS.
How deployment works
Trellis deploys the Bedrock project from the Git repository and branch configured for an environment. The command is trellis deploy <environment>. A deployment is divided into stages so hooks can run at predictable points:
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- Initialize: prepare the deployment context and release directories.
- Update: fetch the requested Git revision.
- Prepare: set up the release and required permissions.
- Build: run the build process. The default build hook runs
composer installfrom the Bedrock folder, which is required for a deployable application. - Share: link shared files and directories, such as persistent content, into the new release.
- Finalize: check the WordPress installation and reload PHP-FPM before making the release active.
Hooks are available around these stages, allowing a project to add tasks such as cache handling or application-specific checks without replacing the deployment model. Keep hooks idempotent: a retry should not corrupt the shared directory or leave the database in an unknown state.
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Trellis’s release model is atomic. It builds a new release separately, links shared files, then changes the current symlink during finalization. Requests continue using the previous release until that switch, so code, Composer dependencies and PHP files are not updated piecemeal.
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The guarantee has a boundary: database schema changes are not made atomic by the symlink switch. A plugin update that expects a new table or column can still require a migration, a compatibility window or planned maintenance. Treat application code and database changes as separate deployment concerns.
If a release fails after publication, trellis rollback <environment> can restore a previous release. Trellis documentation says five previous releases are kept by default. That rollback changes the code symlink; it does not automatically undo database writes made by the failed version. Before deploying migrations, take a database backup and define a forward-fix or restore procedure.
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Trellis does not automatically install WordPress on a remote server. After the first code deployment, the browser may show the standard WordPress installation screen. At that point you must either import an existing database and configure its connection or complete a fresh installation.
Moving an existing site
- Export the source database and import it into the MariaDB instance on the VPS.
- Move uploads and any other persistent shared content into the locations expected by the Bedrock project.
- Set production environment variables and confirm the site’s URL values.
- Run the application checks and test log-in, media, permalinks, forms and scheduled jobs before changing DNS.
Launching a new site
Deploy the code, open the site hostname, complete the WordPress installer and then verify that the generated configuration and credentials match the environment managed by Trellis. Do not assume that a successful SSH deployment means WordPress is initialized.
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Database migrations require their own plan
Atomic releases protect files, not relational data. A plugin or theme that changes the schema can leave the old release unable to work with the new database, or the new release unable to work with the old schema. For low-risk changes, use backward-compatible migrations: deploy code that understands both schemas, migrate, then remove the old path in a later release.
For changes that cannot be made compatible, schedule a maintenance window or write a tested custom migration process. Take a restorable backup, rehearse the migration on staging and monitor PHP-FPM, database errors and application health during the cutover. A rollback command is not a database rollback.
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Trellis supports multiple WordPress sites on one server. The right boundary is operational, not merely numerical.
| Arrangement | Advantages | Costs and risks | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Several sites in one Trellis instance | Lower infrastructure cost, shared server configuration and one provisioning and deployment control point. | A server incident, resource spike or mistaken configuration can affect every site; PHP and Nginx settings are shared more easily. | Sites with similar requirements and one team responsible for the host. |
| Separate Trellis instances | Different PHP/Nginx settings, providers, teams and stronger infrastructure isolation. | Duplicated configuration, more servers to patch and higher operating cost. | Projects with conflicting requirements, separate ownership or stricter isolation needs. |
Even on a shared host, keep each site’s repository, database credentials and deployment permissions distinct. Set resource limits and monitor disk, memory, database connections and PHP worker saturation so one site cannot quietly consume the machine.
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Choosing a VPS provider or managed hosting
DigitalOcean and Hetzner Cloud are the provider integrations named in current Trellis guidance. The important distinction is not a universal performance ranking; it is whether the provider gives you a supported, reachable Ubuntu server and the API access needed for optional server creation.
| Choice | What the evidence establishes | Operational implication |
|---|---|---|
| DigitalOcean VPS | Named by Trellis as a supported VPS/cloud provider. | You administer the Ubuntu host, SSH access, updates, backups and capacity. |
| Hetzner Cloud VPS | Named by Trellis as a supported VPS/cloud provider. | You receive the same server-level control; verify current regional availability and account terms. |
| Managed WordPress hosting | Bedrock documentation identifies Kinsta as another hosting context, while Trellis cannot provision managed hosts. | The host handles more infrastructure, but Trellis provisioning and its server-level controls are not the deployment path. |
Self-hosting can reduce infrastructure cost and increase portability, but the owner takes on patching, firewall policy, backups, monitoring, incident response and capacity planning. Managed hosting trades some control and portability for a provider-operated platform. Compare those responsibilities, not just the monthly server line item.
Common failure points and recovery actions
| Symptom | Likely cause | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Provisioning cannot connect | Wrong hostname, missing public key or an inaccessible administrative account. | Test SSH manually with the same key, correct the environment host value and rerun provisioning. |
| Composer build fails | Dependency conflict, unavailable package or an incorrect Bedrock directory. | Run the same Composer operation locally, inspect the lock file and confirm that the deployment build hook starts in the Bedrock folder. |
| HTTPS is not issued | DNS does not point to the VPS or certificate validation cannot reach the hostname. | Fix DNS, open the required web access and retry certificate setup after propagation. |
| New code works but the site errors after rollback | The release changed the database schema or persistent files. | Restore a compatible database backup or apply a forward migration; the symlink rollback alone cannot reverse data changes. |
| First page shows WordPress installation | No database was imported and no fresh installation was completed. | Import the existing database or finish the installer, then verify environment values and URLs. |
When this stack is a good fit
Choose Bedrock and Trellis when you want WordPress in Git, Composer-controlled dependencies, repeatable Ubuntu provisioning and release-level rollback, and you are prepared to operate a Linux server. It is particularly useful for agencies or teams managing several similar sites, because infrastructure conventions and deployment hooks can be reused.
A conventional managed WordPress plan is usually simpler when you do not want SSH administration, operating-system patching, database backup design or incident response. Bedrock alone can still organize application code, but Trellis’s benefits depend on accepting server ownership and maintaining the automation around it.
The decisive question is therefore not whether a small VPS can run WordPress; it can, provided it meets the current Ubuntu and SSH requirements. The question is whether your team wants the control and reproducibility of infrastructure as code strongly enough to own the operational work that a managed host would otherwise perform.
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