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What “disk full” actually means
Linux returns an ENOSPC-style failure when the filesystem serving a write cannot satisfy it. That does not necessarily mean the root filesystem, or the machine as a whole, has no free bytes. A deployment writing to /var/lib, /var/lib/docker, a separate data volume, or a temporary filesystem can fail while / still looks healthy.
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Filesystem capacity has two independent limits:
- Data blocks: space used by file contents, metadata, journals, and other filesystem structures.
- Inodes: records required for files, directories, links, sockets, and other filesystem objects.
A host can have free blocks but no inodes. In that state, creating a small file, log rotation target, temporary file, or deployment artifact fails even though the percentage in df -h looks comfortable.
Start with the exact failing path
Capture the complete error and the path the deployment was trying to write. Distinguish ENOSPC from a quota error, a permission error, or a Kubernetes eviction message. Then run these commands against that path, replacing /path with the real location:
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| Command | What it tells you |
|---|---|
df -hT /path |
Human-readable block usage, filesystem type, total size, and free space for the filesystem serving the path. |
df -i /path |
Inode totals, used inodes, free inodes, and inode percentage. |
findmnt -T /path |
The mount point, source device, and filesystem that actually contains the path. |
Do not run these only against / and assume the result applies everywhere. findmnt -T resolves the mount selected for a specific path, including bind mounts and separate volumes. Inspect that mount directly before deleting anything.
How to confirm inode exhaustion
Compare the two df views. If block usage is low or moderate but df -i reports nearly 100% inode use, the filesystem has too many objects, not too much content. Common causes include millions of tiny cache files, per-request temporary files, mail queues, unpacked dependency trees, or log systems that create a new file for every event.
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Use a bounded scan on the affected filesystem. A simple first pass is:
du -xhd1 /mountpointThe -x option prevents the walk from crossing into other filesystems. This command summarizes bytes, not inode counts, so a directory that looks small can still contain millions of entries. To investigate counts, sample likely locations with a same-filesystem find command, for example:
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find /mountpoint/suspect -xdev -type f -printf '%hn' 2>/dev/null | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr | headThis counts file parent directories while suppressing unreadable-path noise. Adjust the starting directory and depth for the system; an unrestricted scan across a busy production tree can be expensive. Once you identify the source, remove only confirmed disposable data, or change the application’s retention and rotation behavior. Deleting arbitrary system files can make a service unrecoverable.
Why df and du disagree
df reads allocation counters maintained by the filesystem. du walks visible directory entries and totals the files it can read. They answer different questions, so a large difference is a diagnostic signal rather than proof that either command is wrong.
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df -hT /mountpoint
du -xhd1 /mountpointUse the same mount identified by findmnt -T. Without -x, du can descend into mounted filesystems and make the directory total appear larger than the filesystem being checked. Conversely, unreadable directories can make du under-report usage.
Deleted files that remain open
When a process opens a file and another action unlinks its pathname, the directory entry disappears but the data blocks remain allocated until every open descriptor closes. This is the classic case where df reports far more used space than du can find.
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List open files whose link count is zero:
sudo lsof +L1Sort the output by its size column and focus on the filesystem from the failing path. A process can change while lsof is scanning, so an empty result is not conclusive. Repeat the check, and narrow it to the relevant mount or service when necessary.
The safe repair is operational, not cosmetic: identify the owning process and use its supported log-reopen operation, graceful restart, or controlled termination procedure. Repeating rm on a pathname cannot reclaim blocks from a file that is already unlinked. Restarting a critical service without understanding its shutdown behavior can cause downtime or data loss, so follow that service’s runbook.
Data hidden beneath a mount point
Files written to a directory before a filesystem is mounted there remain on the underlying filesystem but become invisible while the mount is active. A directory scan of the mounted view will not show them. Confirm the mount with findmnt -T and investigate the underlying directory only during a controlled maintenance window, typically after unmounting or using a separate rescue environment. Never unmount a live production volume merely to inspect it.
Unreadable directories and runtime accounting
Permission errors, ACLs, and security policies can prevent du from reading portions of a tree. Runtime-managed storage can also be accounted for outside the directory view you expected. Containers, image layers, build caches, and node-level ephemeral storage require their runtime’s own inspection commands.
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Mounts, quotas, and reserved capacity
After identifying the filesystem, check limits that are not visible in a basic byte total.
- User, group, project, or service quotas: a quota can reject writes while the filesystem still has free blocks and inodes.
- Container or workload limits: a deployment may have an application-level storage limit independent of the host volume.
- Reserved capacity: some filesystems reserve blocks for administrative use. A non-root process can fail before the final physical blocks are consumed.
Changing reserved-block settings is filesystem-specific administrative work. Do not alter them during an incident without confirming the filesystem type, the operational purpose of the reservation, and the vendor’s guidance. First determine whether a quota or reservation, rather than actual exhaustion, explains the failure.
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Docker: inspect daemon storage before pruning
Docker image layers, writable container layers, local volumes, and build cache occupy the host filesystem selected for Docker’s data root. A healthy root mount does not prove that Docker’s mount has room.
Ask the daemon for its accounting:
docker system df
docker system df -vThe verbose form separates images, containers, local volumes, and build cache so you can match usage to retention requirements. Do not run broad prune commands as a reflex; an apparently unused image or volume may be required for rollback, a stopped environment, or a future build.
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Overlay storage has an additional trap. Deleting a file inside a container creates an overlay whiteout in the upper layer; it does not mean you should remove files manually from Docker’s internal storage directories. Never hand-delete content under /var/lib/docker/overlay2. Reclaim space through Docker’s documented image, container, volume, and builder lifecycle operations, after recording what must be retained.
Kubernetes: ephemeral storage can evict workloads
Kubernetes local ephemeral storage includes writable container layers, node-level logs, and emptyDir volumes. When the node’s available ephemeral storage falls below its thresholds, Kubernetes can taint the node and evict pods.
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Correlate the deployment symptom with node and pod data:
- Inspect node conditions and events for disk-pressure or eviction messages.
- Review each pod’s ephemeral-storage requests and limits.
- Check host
df -hTanddf -ion the filesystem used by the kubelet and container runtime. - Inspect runtime usage and node-level logs rather than looking only inside the application directory.
Kubelet directory scans have a known blind spot: if a process opens a file in an emptyDir volume, the file is deleted while still open, and the descriptor remains open, the inode and blocks can persist even though the scan no longer sees the pathname. Include deleted-open-file checks in the host investigation when node totals and directory scans do not match.
A safe incident sequence
- Record the symptom. Save the exact failing path, timestamp, command, and error text. Note whether it says
ENOSPC, quota exceeded, disk pressure, or eviction. - Identify the filesystem. Run
findmnt -T /path, thendf -hT /pathanddf -i /path. - Compare visible usage. Run
du -xhd1from the mount point and note permission errors or mount boundaries. - Investigate gaps. Run
sudo lsof +L1, repeat it, and identify processes holding deleted files open. Check for hidden data beneath mount points and applicable quotas. - Use runtime-aware tools. For Docker, run
docker system df -v. For Kubernetes, correlate node ephemeral-storage pressure, pod requests and limits, runtime usage, and host filesystem counters. - Reclaim deliberately. Rotate or remove confirmed disposable logs, caches, images, build artifacts, or volumes. Use a supported log-reopen or graceful restart for open deleted files.
- Verify recovery. Rerun
df -hT,df -i, the relevantdusummary, and runtime checks. Confirm the deployment can create a test file on the same path.
Prevent the next “full” deployment
- Alert on both block percentage and inode percentage for every filesystem used by deployments.
- Monitor the actual mount paths used by services, container runtimes, and kubelets rather than only the root filesystem.
- Enforce log rotation and retention, including behavior for applications that keep descriptors open.
- Set container image, build-cache, volume, and stopped-container retention policies.
- Define Kubernetes ephemeral-storage requests and limits that reflect real workload behavior, and alert before node eviction thresholds.
- Track file counts in directories known to create many small objects.
- Document quota limits and reserved-capacity settings so responders do not mistake them for unexplained capacity loss.
The practical rule is simple: check blocks and inodes on the filesystem that serves the failing path, then explain every difference between filesystem counters and directory totals before deleting data. That sequence distinguishes a genuinely full volume from inode exhaustion, hidden mounts, quotas, runtime accounting, and deleted-open files without turning an urgent incident into a destructive cleanup.
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