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Repair common Windows errors and clear accumulated junk for a smoother, more stable PC - no reinstall needed.Free scan · no reinstallFor a reliable Minecraft Java server in 2026, use Paper, the Java runtime required by your Minecraft version, a correctly configured server.properties, TCP port 25565 opened on both your router and host firewall, a tested start command, and a backup routine that copies the entire server. Add Geyser and Floodgate only when Bedrock players need to join.
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The important change for new installations is Java 25: Paper for Minecraft 26.1 and later requires at least Java 25. Older Minecraft releases use different Java floors, so choosing Java first prevents a server that fails before it creates a world.
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What you need before the first start
Prepare these items before downloading anything:
- A computer or hosted Linux machine with enough memory for the player count, world size and plugins, plus operating-system headroom.
- A Paper server JAR matching the Minecraft version your players will use.
- A supported Java runtime, verified with
java -version. - A dedicated server directory with write permission for the account running Java.
- Router and host-firewall access if people outside your home network will connect.
- A backup destination that is not the same disk as the live server.
Paper builds and version availability change. Use the official Paper downloads page immediately before installation and record the exact Minecraft and Paper build you selected. The 26.1 numbering system starts with the year and drop number and can include a patch, such as 26.1.2, rather than following the older version style.
Choose the server software
Paper for a general Java server
Paper is the practical default when you want Bukkit-style plugins, broad documentation and a vanilla Java client experience. Plugins run on the server, so players normally do not install a client-side mod to join. Download the runnable JAR, place it in an otherwise dedicated directory and give it a simple name such as paper.jar.
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When another loader is appropriate
Purpur and Fabric are not interchangeable with Paper. Choose the loader required by the content you intend to run, then install plugins or mods built for that loader and its Minecraft version. A Paper plugin cannot be assumed to work on Fabric, and a Fabric modpack is not a drop-in Paper installation. If your priority is a documented plugin server with ordinary Java clients, Paper remains the least complicated starting point.
Match Java to Minecraft
Check the runtime before starting the JAR. Paper’s requirements identify Java 25 as the minimum for Paper 26.1 and later, not merely an optional recommendation. A lower JDK can produce an immediate startup error even when the server files are otherwise correct.
| Minecraft release range | Java guidance | Confidence and qualification |
|---|---|---|
| 1.18 through 1.20.4 | Java 17 | Secondary compatibility guidance; verify against the Paper build you download. |
| 1.20.5 through 1.21.11 | Java 21 | Secondary compatibility guidance; a particular build may impose its own requirement. |
| 26.1 and later | Java 25 minimum | Paper’s documented requirement for this version family. |
Install Java 25 using the package instructions for your operating system (Debian/Ubuntu, RPM-based Linux or macOS Homebrew are covered in Paper’s Java installation documentation). Keep more than one Java version only if you operate servers on different Minecraft generations; invoke the intended binary explicitly so a system update does not silently switch runtimes.
Confirm the result with:
java -versionOn a machine with multiple installations, use the full path to the desired Java executable in your start script. Do not solve a version error by copying a random JRE into the server folder; use a maintained distribution and update it through your operating system or vendor process.
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Install and start Paper
- Create a directory used only by this server, such as
~/minecrafton Linux orC:MinecraftServeron Windows. - Download the matching Paper JAR from the official downloads page and save it as
paper.jar(or update the command to match its actual filename). - Open a terminal in that directory and start with an explicit memory ceiling:
java -Xms4G -Xmx4G -jar paper.jar --nogui - Read the console output. The first run creates configuration files and may stop while you complete the server’s required agreement file. Follow the current Paper/Minecraft prompt, then start the process again.
- After the server reaches its ready state, stop it from the console rather than closing the terminal window. This lets the world and region files flush cleanly.
The 4G values are an example, not a universal requirement. Set -Xmx according to the number of players, view distance, plugins and available RAM, and leave sufficient memory for the operating system, filesystem cache and any monitoring tools. Setting -Xms equal to -Xmx avoids repeated heap resizing, but allocating all physical RAM to Java can make the machine less stable.
Configure server.properties safely
server.properties is the central text configuration file. Stop the server before editing it, change one group of settings at a time, save the file, then restart and verify the console output.
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server-port=25565is the normal Java Edition port. Change it only if another service already uses that port, and then use the same number in the firewall and router rule.max-playerslimits simultaneous players. Choose a value your CPU, memory and network can actually support rather than treating it as a performance setting.- Keep
online-mode=truefor a normal public server. This verifies joining accounts with Minecraft’s account services. Disabling it changes the trust model and requires separate protection against impersonation.
Remote administration
Query and RCON are disabled unless you enable them. RCON uses TCP 25575 by default. Do not expose that port to the public internet; if remote administration is necessary, restrict it with a firewall or private network and use a long unique password. Opening RCON simply because a control panel supports it creates a second attack surface unrelated to player connections.
Make the server reachable: port forwarding and firewalls
Java players on the internet
- Give the server computer a stable LAN address, preferably with a DHCP reservation in the router.
- Create a router port-forward rule for TCP 25565 from the internet to that LAN address and the same destination port.
- Allow the port in the host firewall. On Ubuntu with UFW, for example:
sudo ufw allow 25565/tcp - Start the Minecraft server and test from a connection outside your home network, such as a phone hotspot. Testing only from inside the LAN can be misleading because some routers do not support hairpin connections.
A stopped server normally appears closed, so perform the external test while Paper is running and listening. If the port remains unreachable, check the local listener, the host firewall, the router’s destination address and the router’s WAN address. Some residential internet providers block common server ports. Carrier-grade NAT (CGNAT) prevents unsolicited inbound forwarding altogether because your router does not receive a unique public IPv4 address; in that case, request a public address, use an appropriate tunnel or run the server on a host with inbound connectivity.
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Bedrock players
Geyser translates Bedrock traffic into Java protocol traffic. Floodgate lets Bedrock players authenticate without owning a paid Java account. Install both as plugins in Paper’s plugins directory, start and stop the server once to generate their configuration files, then set Geyser’s auth-type to floodgate. Bedrock connections use UDP 19132 by default, so forward and allow UDP 19132 in addition to Java’s TCP 25565 when direct Bedrock access is required. Secondary compatibility guidance recommends Java 21 or newer for current Geyser versions; verify the plugin’s release requirements before deployment.
JVM memory and garbage-collection tuning
Start with a measured heap
Use equal -Xms and -Xmx values, monitor actual memory use, and increase the ceiling only when profiling shows the server needs it. Oversizing the heap can lengthen garbage-collection pauses and starve the operating system; undersizing causes frequent collections and watchdog warnings.
What to do about Aikar’s flags
Aikar’s flags are a G1 garbage-collector tuning string commonly used with Paper and Spigot. Guidance is unsettled for Java 25: some published configurations target Java 21 and older, while other recommendations move toward ZGC-oriented settings. There is no universally correct Java-25 command that can be promised for every CPU, memory size and workload.
For a new 26.1-or-later server, begin with a simple command such as java -Xms4G -Xmx4G -jar paper.jar --nogui, collect timings and garbage-collection behavior under your real player load, and then benchmark one tuning set at a time. Keep a rollback copy of the previous start script. Do not paste a flag bundle designed for a different Java major version without checking each option against that runtime.
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Backups that can actually restore the server
A world-only copy is incomplete. Preserve the world folders, server.properties, whitelist and operator files, Paper and plugin configuration, plugin data, scripts, and every database used by plugins.
Consistent-copy procedure
- Schedule backups when player activity is low.
- For the safest copy, stop the server and wait for the process to exit.
- If downtime is unacceptable, issue
save-off, thensave-all flushin the server console. Copy the complete server directory while writes are paused, then issuesave-on. - Write the backup to a different disk or machine. Keep at least one off-site copy so a disk failure, theft or ransomware event does not destroy both live and backup data.
- Test restoration periodically by copying the backup to a separate server directory and starting it there. A file that exists but cannot load is not a usable backup.
Take an additional backup before every Minecraft or Paper upgrade. A world converted to a newer data format may not be downgradeable, so retain the pre-upgrade copy and record the exact server build used to create it.
Upgrade and maintenance workflow
- Record the current Minecraft version, Paper build, Java version, installed plugins and start command.
- Stop the live server cleanly and verify that the process has exited.
- Copy and label the complete server directory before replacing the JAR.
- Read the target Paper build notes and each plugin’s compatibility notes. Remove or update plugins that do not support the target version.
- Start the upgraded copy in a staging directory first. Watch for stack traces, missing configuration keys, failed migrations and unusually high tick times.
- Only after a successful test should you switch the production directory, then watch logs and player reports during the first session.
Troubleshooting the failures you will see first
The JAR exits immediately with a Java error
Run java -version from the same account and script that launches the server. If the server is 26.1 or newer, install and select Java 25. For older releases, use the documented Java floor for that build rather than assuming Java 25 is always compatible.
Players cannot connect from outside
Confirm Paper is running, verify it is listening on the expected port, and test TCP 25565 externally. Then inspect the host firewall, router forwarding target and WAN address. A CGNAT or ISP port block cannot be fixed by changing server.properties.
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Bedrock players see a timeout
Check that both plugins generated their files, Geyser uses auth-type: floodgate, UDP 19132 is forwarded and allowed, and the Java runtime satisfies the installed Geyser release. Java players and Bedrock players use different transport ports.
The server lags after adding plugins
Check tick-time reports and logs before changing JVM flags. Reproduce the issue with one plugin disabled at a time, confirm the plugin matches the exact Minecraft/Paper version, and ensure the heap leaves operating-system headroom. Only then compare a different garbage collector or flag set under the same workload.
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Restore the entire backup, not just the world directory. Missing plugin data, configuration or databases can make a restored world appear corrupted or reset. Test restores on a separate directory so the live server is never overwritten accidentally.
Operational checklist
- Paper build and Minecraft version are recorded.
- Java major version is verified with
java -version. online-mode=trueis used unless you have a separately secured authentication design.- TCP 25565 is allowed only where needed; RCON 25575 is not publicly exposed.
- UDP 19132 is configured only when Bedrock access is required.
- Heap limits leave operating-system headroom.
- A complete, off-site backup exists and has been restored successfully in a test location.
- Every upgrade has a labeled pre-upgrade backup and a rollback plan.
That combination—version-matched Java, Paper, deliberate networking, conservative JVM settings, optional Geyser/Floodgate crossplay and verified full-server backups—covers the tools that determine whether a 2026 Minecraft server merely starts or remains dependable.
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