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Use Deployer’s Laravel recipe to pull each Git commit over SSH into a timestamped release, link the shared .env and storage directories, run Laravel’s deployment tasks, and atomically switch Nginx to a new current symlink. The result is repeatable Ubuntu deployment with a short publish window and a practical rollback path, provided SSH, PHP, permissions, migrations, and process reloads are configured deliberately.
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What this deployment architecture does
Deployer is a free, open-source deployment tool written in PHP. It connects to a server over SSH and executes a recipe that describes hosts, releases, shared files, writable directories, and tasks. The Laravel recipe turns those primitives into an application-specific workflow: prepare a release, install Composer dependencies, create storage links, optimize Laravel, migrate the database when you choose, publish the release, and optionally reload running services.
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Instead of replacing the live directory in place, Deployer keeps several releases under a deployment path and maintains a current symbolic link. Nginx serves current/public. Publishing changes the link to the new release, so requests do not observe a half-copied application. Old releases can be cleaned after a successful publish, and the release layout gives you a rollback-oriented operating model.
| Path | Purpose |
|---|---|
.dep |
Deployer’s deployment metadata and lock information. |
releases/ |
Versioned application directories created by each deployment. |
shared/ |
Persistent files and directories shared by every release. |
current |
Symbolic link that Nginx uses as the live release. |
The recipe shares .env and storage, makes bootstrap/cache and storage writable, and records Laravel log files under storage/logs/*.log. Your application code is therefore disposable between releases while user uploads, logs, and environment configuration remain in the shared area.
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Prerequisites and production assumptions
- A Git repository containing the Laravel application and a deployment machine from which Deployer can run.
- An Ubuntu server reachable by SSH using a key. The account used by Deployer must be able to write the configured deployment path and run the required PHP, Composer, and application commands.
- PHP 8.3 or newer on the server. Laravel’s current deployment documentation lists PHP >= 8.3; also install every PHP extension your specific application requires.
- Nginx (or another web server) configured to serve the release’s
publicdirectory, not the project root. - A database and a plan for backups, migration ordering, queue workers, schedulers, and any other long-running processes your application uses.
- A deployment path such as
/var/www/htmlwhose ownership and permissions are understood before the first release.
Keep production secrets out of Git. The recipe expects the production .env to live in the shared directory and be linked into each release. Confirm that the deployment account can read it while the web and worker processes have only the access they need.
Install Deployer and create the Laravel recipe
Install Deployer on the machine that will initiate deployments. The official Laravel guide documents downloading the Deployer PHAR, making it executable, and placing it on the system path as /usr/local/bin/dep. Use the current download instructions in Deployer’s documentation, then run:
chmod +x deployer.phar
sudo mv deployer.phar /usr/local/bin/dep
dep --versionFrom the root of your Laravel project, initialize the Laravel template:
dep init -t LaravelThis generates deploy.php. If your Deployer version does not provide the template shortcut, initialize a normal recipe with dep init and import the Laravel recipe in that file. Treat the generated file as a starting point: verify every host, path, branch, task, and hook rather than deploying its defaults unchanged.
Configure deploy.php
At minimum, set the Git repository, identify the target host, and choose a deployment path. A minimal configuration looks like this:
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<?php
namespace Deployer;
require 'recipe/laravel.php';
set('repository', '[email protected]:user/project.git');
host('example.com')
->set('deploy_path', '/var/www/html');Replace the repository with the SSH URL your deployment account can clone. Replace the hostname and path with your server’s values. The deployment account must authenticate to the host without an interactive password and must be able to create the .dep, releases, and shared directories below deploy_path.
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Verify SSH before deploying
- Install the deployment machine’s public key in the server account’s
~/.ssh/authorized_keys. - Test the exact host and account that Deployer will use with an SSH connection.
- From that account, confirm that Git can fetch the repository. A server can accept SSH logins while still lacking the separate deploy key needed for the Git host.
- Check DNS, host-key verification, firewall rules, and the write permission on
/var/www/html(or your chosen path).
Fix authentication and permissions before running a deployment. A failed release after code has been downloaded is harder to diagnose than a failed connection caught at this stage.
Prepare Ubuntu safely
Deployer’s provision recipe targets Ubuntu. Provisioning requires root SSH key authentication. Recent Ubuntu images commonly disable root SSH access by default, so the provisioning step may require you to enable key-based root access temporarily. Once provisioning is complete, disable direct root SSH access again and use a restricted deployment account for normal releases.
Separate provisioning from routine deployment
- Use root only for operating-system work: packages, users, directories, PHP, Nginx, and service configuration.
- Use a non-root deployment account for
dep deploy. Give it ownership or group access to the deployment path instead of broad system privileges. - Make the PHP-FPM, queue-worker, and scheduler users compatible with the permissions Deployer creates for
storageandbootstrap/cache. - After provisioning, close any temporary root access and record how to re-enable it through your provider’s console or recovery process.
Do not assume that a successful SSH login proves Laravel can run. Check the server’s PHP version, required extensions, Composer availability, database connectivity, writable directories, and process manager configuration before publishing the first release.
What the Laravel recipe runs
The recipe exposes individual tasks so you can inspect or reorder them. The documented flow is:
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| Phase or task | What it does | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
deploy:prepare |
Reports status, sets up the host, locks deployment, creates a release, updates code, prepares the environment, links shared paths, and creates writable directories. | Builds a complete release without touching the live symlink. |
deploy:vendors |
Installs Composer dependencies for the release. | Keeps the release’s vendor tree consistent with the committed dependency files. |
artisan:storage:link |
Creates Laravel’s configured public storage links. | Makes files in shared storage available through the application’s public paths. |
artisan:optimize |
Caches Laravel framework bootstrap information. | Prepares the application for production execution. |
artisan:migrate |
Runs pending database migrations. | Changes the schema as part of a release when you explicitly enable this behavior. |
deploy:publish |
Switches current to the new release, unlocks the deployment, cleans old releases, and reports success. |
Defines the publish point and post-success cleanup. |
artisan:reload |
Reloads configured running services. | Lets workers or application servers load the new code without an unplanned stop. |
The recipe also includes tasks for maintenance mode, application-key generation, database seeding and rollback operations, cache and route management, event and view caching, and route listing. Run only the tasks that match your release policy; an available task is not automatically safe to run on every production deployment.
Shared files, permissions, and Laravel state
Every release receives a link to the shared .env file and storage directory. The recipe marks bootstrap/cache and storage as writable and enables recursive writability. This arrangement prevents deployments from deleting uploads or logs, but it also means a bad shared file affects every release, including a rollback.
- Back up the shared directory, especially
.envand user-uploaded data, before changing it. - Keep generated caches and compiled artifacts compatible with the PHP and Laravel versions in the release.
- Ensure the web server and worker users can read the release and write only to the intended writable directories.
- Do not place a second copy of production secrets inside the Git repository merely to make a deployment pass.
If a release fails because bootstrap/cache or storage is not writable, inspect ownership, group membership, directory execute permission, and the account actually running PHP-FPM or queue workers. Changing everything to world-writable permissions hides the cause and expands the attack surface.
Serve the live release with Nginx
Point Nginx at the stable current/public path. The Laravel Deployer guide’s example uses this server block logic:
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try_files $uri /index.php$is_args$args;
}Place the directives inside the appropriate server block, configure PHP-FPM for your installed PHP version, and test the Nginx configuration before reloading it. The web root must be Laravel’s public directory; exposing the project root risks serving files that are meant to remain private.
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Because Nginx follows the current symlink, Deployer can prepare a complete release first and change the link at publish time. Existing requests finish against the old release while new requests use the new one, subject to the behavior of your PHP-FPM and application workers.
Add migrations and other hooks deliberately
The official Deployer example adds migrations after code has been updated:
after('deploy:update_code', 'artisan:migrate');Use the recipe’s artisan:migrate task and Laravel’s production confirmation semantics (including --force where required by your Laravel version). Do not make a schema change an automatic step until you have tested it against a production-sized copy of the database and defined what happens if the migration fails.
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- Take and verify a database backup or snapshot appropriate to your database system.
- Design migrations to be backward-compatible with the currently live release. Add new nullable columns or tables before deploying code that requires them; remove old columns only after no old process reads them.
- Run the migration before the publish point only when both the old and new code can tolerate the intermediate schema.
- If a migration cannot be backward-compatible, schedule maintenance mode or a controlled cutover rather than pretending the symlink alone provides zero downtime.
- Record the migration result and keep a tested recovery procedure. A code rollback cannot automatically undo a destructive database migration.
Other hooks may be appropriate for your application: enabling maintenance mode around an intentionally disruptive change, rebuilding caches, listing routes for a smoke check, or reloading queue workers and other services after publish. Keep each hook explicit in deploy.php, and order it so a failed preparation step never advances current.
Run the first deployment
- Commit
deploy.phpand verify that the repository reference, host, deployment path, branch, and SSH identities are correct. - Confirm the server meets Laravel’s PHP >= 8.3 requirement and has the extensions, database access, Composer, Nginx, and process services your application needs.
- Create the shared
.envfile with production values and confirm the deployment account can read it. - From the project directory, run
dep deploy. - Watch each task. Stop on an authentication, Composer, permission, database, or Artisan error instead of manually pointing Nginx at a partially prepared release.
- After a successful publish, inspect
current, load a health endpoint, exercise login and a representative read/write request, confirm queue and scheduler behavior, and check application and Nginx logs.
Deployer’s release directories make it possible to compare the new release with the previous one before deleting anything. Keep enough old releases for your operational recovery policy; automatic cleanup is useful, but it is not a substitute for database and asset backups.
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How this reduces downtime—and where it cannot
The release model avoids the common failure mode of copying new files over the directory currently serving requests. Preparation, dependency installation, shared-link creation, writable-directory setup, and optimization happen in a new release. The publish task then changes one symlink. That is why a normal code-only deployment can have a very short interruption window.
It is not a guarantee of uninterrupted service. Long-running queue workers may continue executing old code, PHP-FPM processes may retain opcodes according to their configuration, and incompatible database migrations can break either release. Use artisan:reload or your service manager’s reload strategy where configured, and test worker shutdown and restart behavior before relying on it in production.
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When maintenance mode is preferable
- A migration changes data formats that old and new code cannot both read.
- You must rotate credentials or perform a multi-service change atomically.
- A deployment includes a long-running backfill or other operation that would produce inconsistent user-visible results.
For those cases, schedule a controlled maintenance window, announce it, back up the database, and verify the application after the cutover. A symlink switch solves file consistency, not every application-level compatibility problem.
Rollback and recovery planning
Keep rollback-oriented operations in your runbook before the first incident. A code rollback means repointing current to a known-good release and reloading any processes that hold application code. It does not reverse database migrations, delete uploaded files, or restore changed external services.
- Define which release is considered known-good and how long it remains on disk.
- Back up the database and shared storage independently of the release directories.
- Use forward-compatible migrations so a previous code release can run while you investigate.
- Document who can perform a rollback and how to verify it with health checks and logs.
- After recovery, identify whether the fault was code, configuration, dependency installation, a migration, permissions, or a process reload; otherwise the next deployment can repeat it.
Troubleshooting common failures
| Symptom | Likely cause | Checks and corrective action |
|---|---|---|
| SSH authentication fails | The wrong key, user, host, or host-key entry is being used. | Test SSH with the exact account and identity, install the public key in authorized_keys, and verify firewall and DNS settings. |
| Git clone or fetch fails on the server | The server login key is not authorized to read the repository. | Test Git access as the deployment account and install a repository-appropriate deploy key. |
Cannot create releases or shared |
deploy_path is missing or not writable. |
Create the parent path with the intended owner/group and remove accidental root-only ownership. |
| Composer or Artisan exits immediately | PHP version, extension, dependency, environment, or working-directory mismatch. | Check the server’s PHP version (at least 8.3 for current Laravel documentation), required extensions, Composer output, and the linked shared .env. |
| HTTP 403 or failed writes | Nginx/PHP-FPM users cannot traverse or write required directories. | Check ownership and group permissions for storage and bootstrap/cache; do not solve it with blanket world-writable permissions. |
| Routes return 404 | Nginx points at the project root or lacks the front-controller fallback. | Set the root to /var/www/html/current/public (adjusting the path to your deployment) and use the try_files rule. |
| New code is live but workers use old behavior | Long-running processes were not reloaded. | Configure and run the recipe’s artisan:reload task or the reload operation for your process manager, then verify worker logs. |
| Deployment stops at migration | The migration needs confirmation, lacks database access, or is incompatible with live code. | Review Laravel’s production migration confirmation, use the deliberate --force behavior where appropriate, restore from the tested backup if necessary, and do not publish incompatible schema changes blindly. |
Production checklist
- SSH key login works for the non-root deployment account.
- The repository is reachable from that account.
- Ubuntu, PHP >= 8.3, required extensions, Composer, Nginx, and process services are installed and patched.
deploy_pathis writable without granting unnecessary root privileges.- The shared
.envandstoragepaths exist and have correct ownership. - Nginx serves
current/publicand forwards missing files toindex.php. - Health checks, logs, backups, and an incident contact are defined.
- Migration compatibility, backup verification, and rollback responsibilities are documented.
- Queue workers, schedulers, and PHP processes have a tested reload procedure.
- Temporary root SSH access used for provisioning has been disabled again.
Is self-managed Deployer right for your team?
Deployer gives you direct control over Ubuntu, SSH, Nginx, PHP versions, release retention, hooks, and rollback procedures. That control is valuable when you need custom deployment order or infrastructure-level access. It also means your team owns operating-system updates, firewalling, certificates, PHP-FPM and worker supervision, monitoring, backups, and incident response.
A managed Laravel platform can remove much of that server maintenance, but it may limit low-level customization and impose its own deployment and rollback model. Choose self-managed Deployer when you can maintain the server and want recipe-level control; choose managed infrastructure when reducing operations work is more important than controlling every Ubuntu component. In either model, database compatibility and backup discipline remain application responsibilities.
Final deployment model
A reliable setup has four boundaries: SSH authenticates a least-privileged deployment account; the Laravel recipe builds an isolated release; Nginx serves only current/public; and explicit hooks handle migrations, optimization, and service reloads. Once those boundaries are tested, dep deploy becomes a repeatable release procedure rather than a manual file-copy exercise.
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