Configure IPv6 in layers: first obtain an address or prefix, gateway and interface details from your VPS provider; then persist the address and route with your distribution’s network manager; finally test each client and daemon with IPv6-specific commands. An address by itself is not Internet connectivity—ip -6 route show must show a usable default route, and services must listen on IPv6 with the IPv6 firewall path open.
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What you need before changing a remote VPS
IPv6 setup starts outside Linux. Ask the provider for the exact IPv6 address or delegated prefix, prefix length, gateway or next hop, and the interface name to configure. Providers do not all deliver routing the same way: some give a directly connected gateway, some require a provider-specific next hop, and some delegate a prefix from which you assign addresses yourself.
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Record the distribution and release as well. Debian 12, Ubuntu 22.04 and later, and images using NetworkManager may use different configuration files and activation commands. OVHcloud’s documentation, for example, separates its Debian and Ubuntu procedures rather than treating them as interchangeable. Follow the provider’s values while using your distribution’s syntax.
- Keep an existing SSH session open while changing networking.
- Open the provider’s out-of-band console before editing a remote interface.
- Save the current output of
ip link show,ip -6 addr showandip -6 route showso you can restore the previous state. - Know how to revert the network-manager file and restart networking from the console if the new route disconnects you.
The documentation-only addresses in examples below use 2001:db8::/32. They are placeholders, not addresses you can route on the public Internet.
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Inspect the current IPv6 state
Use iproute2, the standard low-level Linux networking toolkit, before making a change:
ip link show
ip -6 addr show
ip -6 route showip link show reveals the real interface name; it may be ens3, eno1, eth0, or another predictable name. Do not copy an example that says eno1 until you have confirmed your own interface.
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ip -6 route show must contain a default route, commonly displayed as a line beginning with default. A global address with no usable default route can communicate on its local link while every Internet test fails.
Check outbound connectivity by family
ping -6 -c 4 example.com
curl -6 https://example.com/These tests ask the tools to use IPv6 rather than silently succeeding over IPv4. A successful ping -6 proves ICMPv6 reachability to that destination; a successful curl -6 proves that DNS resolution, routing, TCP and the HTTPS service all worked for that request. Neither test proves that an inbound service on your VPS is listening correctly.
For DNS comparison, query both address families:
dig AAAA example.com
dig A example.comA missing AAAA record is a DNS publication issue, not evidence that Linux lacks IPv6 support. Conversely, an AAAA record can exist while the server has no route or firewall allowance.
Choose the address-assignment mode
Your provider determines which mode is valid. Do not select a mode merely because its syntax is familiar.
| Mode | What Linux receives | When it fits | Main caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| Static | An address and prefix plus a gateway or next hop entered in configuration | The provider assigns fixed VPS addressing or a routed prefix | Every value, including prefix length and gateway, must match the provider’s allocation |
| SLAAC | Router advertisements supply addressing information | The provider advertises a prefix and supports autonomous configuration | Address lifetimes and default-router advertisements must remain available |
| DHCPv6 | A DHCPv6 server supplies IPv6 configuration | The provider explicitly documents DHCPv6 for the VPS network | DHCPv6 behavior differs from SLAAC; enabling the wrong one may produce no usable address |
Some networks use SLAAC for addresses and DHCPv6 for additional information. Others provide a static address and a manually specified route. Use the provider’s documented model rather than combining settings from unrelated examples.
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Persist IPv6 with the distribution’s network manager
Temporary commands can make an address appear until the next restart. Persistent configuration belongs in the network stack that owns the interface. Identify whether the image uses Debian ifupdown, Ubuntu Netplan, NetworkManager, or another manager, and apply changes through that manager.
Debian with ifupdown
Debian’s NetworkConfiguration documentation supports these patterns. Replace the interface and addresses with the values supplied for your VPS.
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# SLAAC
iface eno1 inet6 auto
# DHCPv6
iface eno1 inet6 dhcp
# Static configuration
iface eno1 inet6 static
address 2001:db8::c0ca:1eaf/64
gateway 2001:db8::1ead:ed:beefThese stanzas belong in the ifupdown configuration used by your image, commonly /etc/network/interfaces and included files. Preserve any existing IPv4 stanza. A static IPv6 stanza needs the provider’s actual prefix length; /64 in the example is documentation data, not a universal requirement.
After editing, use the ifupdown activation method documented for your release. Keep the console available, then confirm both address and route:
ip -6 addr show dev eno1
ip -6 route show dev eno1
ping -6 -c 4 example.comUbuntu and Netplan
Netplan stores network intent in YAML and renders it for a backend such as systemd-networkd or NetworkManager. The indentation and interface name must be exact, and route syntax varies with the Ubuntu release and provider instructions. Use the provider’s Ubuntu procedure instead of copying a Debian ifupdown stanza into a Netplan file.
After changing a Netplan file, apply it with the Netplan command documented by that release. When working over SSH, prefer a guarded or try-style application when available so an invalid route can be rolled back. Then run:
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ping -6 -c 4 example.comIf the route is absent, inspect the rendered configuration and the network-manager logs before repeatedly changing YAML. The key result is not that a file was accepted; it is that the intended interface has a global address and a working default IPv6 route.
NetworkManager and other managers
NetworkManager, systemd-networkd and vendor cloud-init profiles each have their own files and commands. Do not run two managers against the same interface. Determine the owner first, make the smallest change in that manager, activate it, and verify the kernel state with the ip commands above.
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When a provider supplies a routed prefix rather than a single host address, you may assign additional addresses to the interface or to services, but the provider’s route model still controls the gateway. Adding an address without the provider route does not create reachability.
Force command-line clients to use IPv6
Once the host has a route, force individual tools by address family when diagnosing or operating a service.
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curl -6 https://example.com/
curl -4 https://example.com/
curl -6 'https://[2001:db8::10]/'
ssh -6 [email protected]curl -6 (also written --ipv6) requests IPv6, while curl -4 (or --ipv4) requests IPv4. The curl tutorial describes normal behavior as choosing IPv6 when a lookup returns an IPv6 address and falling back to IPv4 if the IPv6 connection fails. Explicit flags remove that ambiguity during troubleshooting.
Literal IPv6 URLs require square brackets around the address so the colons are not mistaken for a port separator. Include the port after the closing bracket:
curl -6 'https://[2001:db8::10]:8443/'For SSH, ssh -6 [email protected] forces the client’s connection family. If the hostname has both A and AAAA records, compare ssh -6 with an ordinary connection and inspect the server side with ss -lnt6.
Use verbose output to separate failure layers
curl -6v https://example.com/
ssh -6 -vv [email protected]Verbose output helps distinguish DNS resolution, route selection, TCP connection refusal, timeout and TLS or SSH negotiation. A timeout after an IPv6 address is selected usually points to routing or filtering; an immediate refusal generally means the destination host is reachable but no permitted service is listening on that address and port.
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Outbound success from curl -6 does not configure an inbound web or SSH service. Three separate conditions must be true:
- The daemon must bind an IPv6 address or an IPv6 wildcard such as
::. - The host’s IPv6 firewall must allow the service port.
- The DNS AAAA record must point to the intended global address when clients use a hostname.
Inspect listeners
ss -lnt
ss -lnt6The second command focuses on IPv6 TCP sockets. A service that appears only in ss -lnt may have an IPv4-only listener. Configure the daemon according to its own syntax. Apache and Nginx, for example, use bracketed IPv6 listener forms such as an address in square brackets followed by a port; a wildcard listener can expose every IPv6 address on the host, so choose the scope deliberately.
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Open the IPv6 firewall path
IPv4 and IPv6 filtering are separate paths. A rule that permits TCP 443 in an IPv4 firewall does not automatically permit TCP 443 over IPv6. Review the firewall frontend in use and its IPv6 rules. On systems managed directly with netfilter, ip6tables is the IPv6 counterpart to iptables; newer systems may use another frontend that still needs an explicit IPv6 policy.
Allow only the required ports, retain established-connection and ICMPv6 handling required by your firewall design, and check both host and provider-level firewalls. Test from an external IPv6-capable network rather than from the same VPS, because a local test can bypass an inbound filtering problem.
Understand dual-stack socket behavior
Linux’s net.ipv6.bindv6only setting changes how an IPv6 socket handles IPv4-mapped connections. The kernel documentation defines value 0 as allowing IPv4-mapped addresses and value 1 as restricting the socket to IPv6; the documented default is 0. A daemon that opens an IPv6 wildcard socket may therefore already cover IPv4, or it may need separate IPv4 and IPv6 sockets depending on its own behavior and this setting.
If adding an IPv6 listener produces “address already in use,” inspect existing sockets and this setting before changing ports:
ss -lnt
ss -lnt6
sysctl net.ipv6.bindv6onlyChange IPv6 kernel settings only when required
sysctl reads and writes kernel parameters exposed through /proc/sys. A runtime change is useful for a controlled test, but it disappears on reboot unless persisted.
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printf '%sn' 'net.ipv6.bindv6only=1' | sudo tee /etc/sysctl.d/60-ipv6-sockets.conf
sudo sysctl --systemUse a narrowly named file in /etc/sysctl.d/ rather than editing unrelated settings, and set a parameter only when the application design requires it. Reload the affected daemon and verify its sockets after applying the setting. Ubuntu’s sysctl manual documents sysctl -w, /etc/sysctl.conf, drop-in files under /etc/sysctl.d/, and sysctl --system for loading system configuration.
Install diagnostic tools without mistaking packages for networking
If a minimal image lacks a command, install the distribution package that provides it. On Ubuntu, refresh package indexes with:
sudo apt updateTypical packages include the tools providing curl, iproute2, openssh-client, dig, and traceroute, plus the firewall frontend selected for your system. Package names differ by distribution, so use that distribution’s package database.
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Installing a client cannot allocate an IPv6 prefix, add a provider gateway, or repair a missing route. If packages download over IPv4 while IPv6 is broken, that only proves the IPv4 path works. Re-run curl -6 after configuration to test the intended family.
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| Symptom | Check first | Likely layer | Next action |
|---|---|---|---|
| No global IPv6 address | ip -6 addr show |
Provider allocation or local interface configuration | Confirm the assigned prefix and the manager’s address stanza |
| Address exists but no Internet access | ip -6 route show, then ping -6 |
Missing or incorrect default route or gateway | Correct the provider-specific route and reapply the network manager |
| DNS has no AAAA answer | dig AAAA host.example |
DNS publication | Publish or correct the AAAA record; do not alter socket settings to solve DNS |
curl -6 fails but curl -4 works |
curl -6v, route, firewall |
IPv6 path, destination firewall or service listener | Separate name resolution, routing, filtering and listener tests |
| SSH works by IPv4 only | ssh -6, ss -lnt6 on the server |
sshd listener, firewall or DNS AAAA record | Confirm an IPv6 socket and permit the SSH port in IPv6 filtering |
| Service reports address-in-use after adding IPv6 | net.ipv6.bindv6only and existing sockets |
Dual-stack socket semantics | Choose one dual-stack socket or separate sockets, then align the daemon and kernel setting |
When ping works but the website does not
ICMPv6 reachability and TCP service reachability are different tests. If ping -6 succeeds while a browser or curl -6 request fails, inspect the web daemon’s IPv6 listener with ss -lnt6, then inspect host and provider firewalls for TCP 80 or 443. Confirm that the hostname’s AAAA record points to the same address you tested literally.
When a route disappears after reboot
A route added interactively is not persistent. Put the address and gateway in the active network manager’s configuration, apply it, reboot only during a maintenance window, and run:
ip -6 addr show
ip -6 route show
ping -6 -c 4 example.comIf the route is present before reboot but absent afterward, another manager may be overwriting the interface, cloud-init may be regenerating configuration, or the persistent file may not be the file actually used by the image.
A safe verification sequence
Use this order after every meaningful change; it narrows the fault before you move to the next layer.
- Confirm the interface with
ip link show. - Confirm a global address with
ip -6 addr show. - Confirm a default route with
ip -6 route show. - Test external IPv6 using
ping -6 -c 4 example.com. - Test HTTP explicitly with
curl -6v https://example.com/. - Compare DNS using
dig AAAA host.exampleanddig A host.example. - On a server, verify listeners with
ss -lnt6. - From an external IPv6-capable host, test the published service port.
- Reboot only after the persistent configuration passes these checks, then repeat the address, route and connectivity tests.
Decide which configuration approach fits your VPS
The reusable command sequence is determined by five variables: distribution and network-manager syntax, address-assignment mode, provider gateway behavior, daemon listener model and IPv6 firewall policy. Two VPSs can run the same Linux distribution yet require different route declarations because their providers deliver different next-hop information.
- Choose static configuration when the provider gives fixed values and expects them to remain on the VPS.
- Choose SLAAC when router advertisements are the provider’s documented source of addressing and default routes.
- Choose DHCPv6 only when the provider explicitly operates DHCPv6 for the service.
- Use family-specific client flags while diagnosing so a successful IPv4 fallback cannot hide an IPv6 failure.
- Configure listeners and firewalls independently for IPv6; outbound connectivity does not expose an inbound daemon.
Once the provider allocation, persistent route, family-specific tests, listener and firewall all agree, IPv6 survives reboots and individual Linux tools can be directed to use it predictably.
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