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What the finished setup does
A typical deployment has four network steps:
- A browser resolves your hostname to the Nginx server.
- Nginx accepts the TLS connection on port 443 and proves the hostname with the certificate and private key.
- Nginx forwards the decrypted HTTP request to Puma, Unicorn, or another Rails application server on a private address and port.
- Rails treats the original request as HTTPS, generates secure URLs, and redirects any request that arrived without HTTPS.
Nginx is the TLS termination point in this design. Its HTTPS server block needs listen 443 ssl, a server_name, ssl_certificate, and ssl_certificate_key. Nginx’s HTTPS documentation explains that the private key must be restricted but readable by the Nginx master process: Configuring HTTPS servers.
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Prerequisites and deployment decisions
- A DNS A or AAAA record for every hostname you will serve, pointing to the Nginx machine.
- Inbound TCP access to ports 80 and 443 through the host firewall, cloud firewall, and any upstream load balancer.
- A running Rails application server, such as Puma or Unicorn, listening on a local address and known port.
- A certificate covering every hostname clients will use, plus its matching private key.
- Permission to edit Nginx configuration and reload the service.
- A plan for certificate renewal and a test of that plan before the first unattended renewal.
Decide whether TLS ends at Nginx or continues from Nginx to the Rails upstream. Terminating at Nginx is the simplest arrangement for an application server bound to loopback or a private network. End-to-end TLS can be appropriate when the upstream crosses an untrusted or separately administered network, but it requires Nginx to validate or otherwise manage a second certificate connection. The configuration below documents the Nginx-termination pattern.
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Point DNS to Nginx and verify reachability
Create DNS records for the exact names in your certificate, such as example.com and www.example.com. Allow time for the records to resolve according to their TTL. Confirm that each name resolves to the intended server rather than an old address or a different proxy.
Port 80 remains important even when every normal request is redirected to HTTPS. The HTTP-01 ACME challenge used by Certbot must be able to reach a file below /.well-known/acme-challenge/ over HTTP. Do not block that path with a blanket redirect rule, authentication requirement, or application route.
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Before requesting a certificate, check that the webroot you intend to use is served by Nginx and that the firewall allows port 80. A failed challenge is usually a DNS, routing, firewall, or location-matching problem rather than a Rails problem.
Obtain and protect the certificate and key
For a certificate managed by Certbot, the live certificate directory commonly contains a full chain and a private key. The exact directory depends on the certificate name and the operating system packaging; use the paths created on your server rather than copying the example paths blindly.
The certificate file presented to clients should normally be the full chain, while the key file must be the matching private key. Keep the key readable by the Nginx master process and inaccessible to ordinary users. Avoid placing it in a world-readable application directory, committing it to source control, or copying it into logs and support tickets.
Nginx’s guidance states: “The private key is a secure entity and should be stored in a file with restricted access, however, it must be readable by nginx’s master process.” See NGINX Configuring HTTPS servers for the certificate and key requirements.
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When permissions are changed, test the configuration as the service will load it. A key that is too restrictive for the Nginx master causes an error at configuration test or reload time; a key that is too permissive creates an avoidable credential exposure.
Build the Nginx server blocks
Use one HTTP server block for redirects and ACME validation and one HTTPS server block for TLS and proxying. Replace the domains, certificate paths, webroot, and upstream port with values from your deployment.
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location ^~ /.well-known/acme-challenge/ {
root /var/www/letsencrypt;
}
location / {
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/example.com/privkey.pem;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
}
}This is an illustrative pattern, not a universal directory layout or application port. The root under the challenge location must match the webroot used by your ACME client. The upstream in the example is local Puma on port 3000; use the address and port where your Rails server actually listens.
HTTP listener: preserve ACME, redirect everything else
The server_name list must include every HTTP hostname you want to redirect. The challenge location is more specific than location /, so a validation file can be served without being sent through the redirect or Rails application. The remaining requests receive a 301 response while preserving the original host and URI through $host and $request_uri.
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HTTPS listener: certificate, protocol, and proxy
listen 443 ssl tells Nginx to negotiate TLS for this virtual host. Set ssl_certificate to the certificate chain and ssl_certificate_key to its matching private key. TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3 are the modern protocol settings documented by Nginx; the example explicitly enables those two versions.
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The proxy directives preserve the data Rails needs:
Host $http_hostforwards the hostname (and, when supplied by the client, its port).X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_forappends the connecting address to the forwarding chain.X-Forwarded-Proto httpstells Rails that the client-to-Nginx connection used HTTPS, even though Nginx-to-Rails is plain HTTP on the private hop.proxy_passpoints to the Rails application server, not to a public DNS name that could route the request back through Nginx.
Do not set X-Forwarded-Proto to http in this HTTPS location. Doing so makes Rails believe the original request was insecure and is a common cause of redirects that never settle.
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In the production configuration, enable:
config.force_ssl = trueRails adds the ActionDispatch::SSL middleware when config.force_ssl = true. The middleware redirects HTTP requests and uses HTTPS as the default URL protocol. The Rails API documents this behavior at ActionDispatch::SSL, and the configuration guide documents the setting at Rails Configuration.
Set the option in the environment configuration that actually runs in production, then restart or reload the Rails application processes so they read the changed configuration. Keep the Nginx forwarding header and the Rails setting together: Rails can enforce HTTPS only when it can distinguish the original client scheme from the internal proxy connection.
Validate the configuration before reloading
- Check syntax and referenced files with
sudo nginx -t. Fix every reported error before proceeding. Typical failures include a misspelled directive, an unreadable key, a missing certificate file, or a duplicate listen/server definition. - Reload rather than stopping the service, for example with
sudo systemctl reload nginx, after the test succeeds. A reload lets existing connections finish while workers adopt the new configuration. - Request the HTTPS endpoint with a client such as
curl -I https://example.com/. Expect a response from the Rails application rather than an Nginx certificate or upstream error. - Request the HTTP endpoint with
curl -I http://example.com/. Normal paths should return a 301 whoseLocationuses HTTPS. A challenge path must remain reachable from the configured webroot when a validation file exists. - Exercise a Rails page that generates absolute URLs, redirects, links, or asset URLs. Those URLs should use
https://, nothttp://.
Test every hostname separately. A certificate can be valid for one name while the Nginx virtual-host selection or DNS record for another name points somewhere else.
Issue and renew certificates with Certbot
Certbot’s HTTP-01 flow writes a token file into the selected webroot and asks the certificate authority to retrieve it through port 80. The Nginx challenge location must expose that same directory. Certbot describes the validation and renewal process in its documentation: Certbot documentation (PDF).
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A webroot-based issuance command follows this pattern; adapt the path and names to your host:
sudo certbot certonly --webroot
-w /var/www/letsencrypt
-d example.com
-d www.example.comThe command obtains or updates the certificate without asking Certbot to rewrite your Nginx virtual hosts. After issuance, point ssl_certificate and ssl_certificate_key at the generated files, run nginx -t, and reload Nginx.
Renewal is normally unattended when the Certbot package installs its scheduled timer or job. Do not assume the schedule works merely because issuance succeeded once. Perform a dry run:
sudo certbot renew --dry-runA successful dry run exercises the renewal path without replacing the live certificate. Also verify that a renewal deploy hook or equivalent reloads Nginx after a new certificate is installed; otherwise Nginx can continue serving the old certificate until its next restart. The hook must run nginx -t before reloading so a failed configuration cannot silently interrupt service.
HTTP-01 versus DNS-01 validation
| Validation method | What it needs | Best fit | Operational caution |
|---|---|---|---|
| HTTP-01 | Port 80 reachable publicly and /.well-known/acme-challenge/ served from the configured webroot |
Hosts where Nginx can expose a stable challenge directory | Redirects, firewalls, alternate proxies, or incorrect webroots can prevent the authority from retrieving the token |
| DNS-01 | Ability to publish the required DNS challenge record | Wildcards or hosts where port 80 cannot serve a challenge | DNS automation and credentials need their own access controls and failure monitoring |
Choose one method deliberately. If HTTP-01 is used, keep the challenge location working during certificate renewal, not only during initial issuance. If DNS-01 is used, the Nginx redirect does not validate ownership; the DNS record does.
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For a single site, one server_name list can cover the apex and its www alias when the certificate includes both names. For several sites on one Nginx instance, create a matching HTTPS server block for each certificate and hostname set. Nginx uses Server Name Indication (SNI) during the TLS handshake to select the certificate and virtual host.
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Keep the HTTP names aligned with the HTTPS names. A missing name can fall through to a default server and present the wrong certificate or redirect to the wrong host. When adding a hostname, update DNS, the certificate’s name list, both server blocks, and any Rails host-authorization or URL settings that restrict accepted hosts.
TLS termination at Nginx versus TLS to Rails
| Arrangement | Connection from client | Connection to Rails | Key consideration |
|---|---|---|---|
| TLS terminated at Nginx | HTTPS | HTTP on loopback or a trusted private network | Simpler certificate handling; Rails must receive X-Forwarded-Proto https |
| End-to-end TLS | HTTPS | HTTPS | Protects the second hop but requires an HTTPS upstream, certificate validation, and additional Nginx settings |
For the first arrangement, never infer security from the internal URL alone. Rails sees the proxy connection unless Nginx supplies the original scheme. For the second arrangement, configure the upstream as HTTPS only when the Rails server is actually presenting a certificate and Nginx is prepared to validate or intentionally trust it.
Troubleshoot the common failures
Redirect loop between HTTP and HTTPS
Inspect the request headers arriving at Rails and confirm that the HTTPS location sends X-Forwarded-Proto https. If Rails receives http or no scheme header, force_ssl redirects to HTTPS even though the browser is already using HTTPS at Nginx. Also check that another proxy in front of Nginx is not overwriting the header and that the HTTP block redirects only normal requests.
Certificate is wrong or appears to belong to another site
Verify DNS for the hostname, the exact server_name, and which Nginx server is answering on port 443. On a multi-site host, a missing SNI name or a default virtual host can select a different certificate. Confirm that the configured certificate contains every requested name and that Nginx was reloaded after changing the certificate paths.
Nginx will not reload
Run sudo nginx -t and read the first error reported. A missing file, invalid directive, duplicate listen option, or key-permission error must be fixed before reload. Check that symbolic links in a certificate’s live directory still resolve to files readable by the Nginx master process.
ACME challenge returns 301, 404, or an application page
Request a known test file below /.well-known/acme-challenge/ over HTTP and confirm that it is served from the intended webroot. Ensure the challenge location appears in the correct port-80 server block, the hostname resolves to that server, and no upstream proxy or access rule intercepts it. A 404 usually means the webroot or file name does not match; an application page means the request fell through to location /.
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Rails generates HTTP links or reports an insecure request
Check Host, X-Forwarded-For, and especially X-Forwarded-Proto in the proxy configuration. Confirm that the running environment has config.force_ssl = true and that the application processes were restarted after the change. Test a page that creates an absolute URL rather than relying only on the browser’s address bar.
502 Bad Gateway
A valid certificate does not prove that Rails is reachable. Confirm that Puma, Unicorn, or the chosen server is running, listening on the address and port in proxy_pass, and accessible from the Nginx worker. A loopback-only upstream is appropriate when both processes share a machine; use the private address when they are separate hosts.
Quick Recap
Operational checklist
- Every served hostname resolves to the intended Nginx server.
- Ports 80 and 443 are reachable through all firewalls and load balancers.
- The certificate covers every hostname and the private key matches it.
- The key is restricted to the Nginx master process and not ordinary users.
- The port-80 block serves ACME challenges and redirects other paths.
- The port-443 block enables TLS 1.2 and TLS 1.3, references the correct files, and proxies to the real Rails port.
Host,X-Forwarded-For, andX-Forwarded-Proto httpsare forwarded.config.force_ssl = trueis active in the production environment.nginx -tpasses before every reload.- HTTPS responses, HTTP redirects, Rails-generated URLs, and every hostname have been tested.
certbot renew --dry-runsucceeds, and successful renewal reloads Nginx.
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