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Gitolite lets one dedicated Ubuntu account host Git repositories while SSH keys identify virtual users and repository rules decide exactly what each user may do. Install Ubuntu’s gitolite3 package, initialize it with an administrator key, then make every user and permission change in the gitolite-admin repository. The forced SSH command accepts Git operations that match your rules and rejects interactive shell access.
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What Gitolite controls
Git itself does not provide the central authorization model needed for a shared Git server. Gitolite adds that policy layer in front of Git over SSH. All Gitolite users normally connect through one dedicated Unix account, usually named git. Their SSH public keys are mapped to virtual Gitolite usernames, and those virtual identities are evaluated against repository and ref rules.
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- Identity: public-key files in
keydirmap keys to virtual names such asaliceorcarol. - Authorization:
conf/gitolite.confstates which identities or groups can read, write, or force-update which repositories and refs. - Change management: committing and pushing the
gitolite-adminrepository regenerates Gitolite’s SSH authorization data and applies the new rules.
Do not edit generated SSH files, Gitolite’s internal state, or bare repositories by hand. Those files are managed outputs; the administrator repository is the supported input.
Prerequisites and a safe account layout
The upstream Gitolite setup documentation requires Git and Perl on the server. Use a dedicated hosting account rather than an existing human login. The account should be used for Gitolite’s forced SSH handling and should not be granted an interactive shell.
- An Ubuntu server with administrative
sudoaccess. - Git and Perl available to the account that runs Gitolite.
- An administrator’s SSH public key, such as
~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub. - A hostname or address that clients can use as
yourserver. - A decision about the Unix hosting name. The commands below use
git.
Gitolite users are not Unix accounts. Adding keydir/alice.pub creates the virtual identity alice; it does not add an entry to /etc/passwd or create another login on Ubuntu.
Install Gitolite and initialize the server
Ubuntu supplies the gitolite3 package. The following sequence creates the dedicated account, copies the administrator key to a temporary location, and performs the initial setup as the hosting user.
-
Install the package:
sudo apt install gitolite3The package installer may ask for an administrator key and storage choices. If you want the hosting username to remain
gitand intend to customize storage, the Ubuntu procedure recommends leaving the package prompt empty, then completing setup explicitly. -
Create the dedicated system account with its home directory:
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Copy the administrator’s public key to a temporary path readable during setup:
cp ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub /tmp/admin.pubUse the actual public-key filename if your administrator key has a different name. Copy only the public key, never the private key.
-
Initialize Gitolite as the dedicated account:
sudo -i -u git gitolite setup -pk /tmp/admin.pubThe
-pkoption imports the administrator public key. Gitolite creates its managed SSH configuration, internal state, and initial administration repository under the hosting account’s home and storage locations.Rank #2
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Keep ownership and permissions on the hosting account’s managed files as Gitolite expects. Do not make the administrator’s key file or generated authorization files writable by unrelated users.
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After setup, test the account through SSH rather than attempting to log in with a shell. From the administrator workstation, run:
ssh git@yourserverYou can request the explicit information command instead:
ssh git@yourserver infoThe info response shows the repositories visible to the key being used. A successful response confirms that the key was imported and that Gitolite’s forced SSH handling is active. It does not grant shell access; the connection is still handled by Gitolite.
Use gitolite-admin as the control plane
Clone the administration repository with the administrator key:
git clone git@yourserver:gitolite-admin.git
cd gitolite-adminTwo paths matter for routine access management:
| Path | Purpose | Typical change |
|---|---|---|
keydir/ |
Maps SSH public keys to virtual Gitolite usernames. | Add keydir/alice.pub or remove an obsolete key. |
conf/gitolite.conf |
Defines repositories, groups, permission classes, and ref restrictions. | Give a reviewer read access or limit a contributor to selected refs. |
Every change should be understandable in a normal Git diff. Review the diff locally, commit it with a meaningful message, and push it. The push is the event that causes Gitolite to regenerate authorization data and enforce the new policy.
Add, rename, and remove users
Add a virtual user
Copy the user’s public key into keydir, using the desired virtual username as the filename:
cp /path/to/alice.pub keydir/alice.pub
git add keydir/alice.pub
git commit -m "Add Alice"
git pushThe basename becomes the identity used in permission rules. The person still connects through git@yourserver; Gitolite associates the presented key with alice.
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Remove access
Delete the key file, then commit and push the deletion:
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git rm keydir/alice.pub
git commit -m "Remove Alice access"
git pushOnce the administration push completes, that key no longer maps to a Gitolite user. Removing a key does not require deleting a Unix account because virtual users are stored in the repository, not in Ubuntu’s account database.
Use groups for maintainable policy
Groups let one rule cover several identities. The following declaration creates two groups:
@developers = alice bob
@reviewers = carolKeep group membership close to the rules that consume it, and use descriptive names that reflect responsibility rather than a temporary project. A user can appear in more than one group when the resulting permissions are intentional.
Grant repository permissions with gitolite.conf
A compact repository policy looks like this:
repo project
RW = @developers
R = @reviewers
RW+ = adminThe permission classes are cumulative in capability, but they are not interchangeable:
| Rule | Allows | Use when | Risk or limitation |
|---|---|---|---|
R |
Read operations such as cloning and fetching. | A reviewer or consumer must see the repository but must not publish changes. | Cannot push updates. |
RW |
Read and ordinary write operations. | A contributor should push changes without force-updating refs. | Does not include the force-update privilege implied by RW+. |
RW+ |
Read, write, and force updates that can rewind or otherwise replace refs. | A trusted maintainer must perform history rewrites or other privileged ref operations. | Can delete or rewind published history; grant sparingly. |
Use the least powerful class that meets the job. Most developers need RW, reviewers need R, and only a small number of maintainers should receive RW+.
Repository-specific rules
Rules under a repo block apply only to that repository. For example, a second repository can have a different group or a completely read-only policy:
repo documentation
R = @reviewersA user’s access is therefore determined by the repository named in the client’s Git URL, not merely by membership in a global group.
Restrict branches or tags with ref patterns
When repository-wide write access is too broad, add a ref-pattern rule. The Ubuntu example uses:
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RW = @developers
RW+ dev/ = alice
R = @reviewersHere, developers retain normal write access, while alice receives the stronger force-update privilege only for refs matching the dev/ pattern. Ref-pattern rules let you separate ordinary contribution from maintenance of selected branches or tags. Treat every pattern that permits rewinding or deletion as privileged, and test both a matching and a non-matching ref.
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Apply an access change safely
Use the same reviewable sequence for user and authorization changes:
- Edit: change files in
keydirand/orconf/gitolite.conf. - Inspect: run
git diffand check filenames, group membership, repository names, permission classes, and ref patterns. - Commit: create a focused commit describing the access decision.
- Push: send the commit to
gitolite-admin. Gitolite compiles the resulting configuration and updates SSH authorization. - Inspect the effective view: run
ssh git@yourserver infowith the relevant key. - Exercise the policy: test an operation that should work and one that should fail.
Keeping each policy change in version control gives administrators an audit trail and a straightforward rollback path: identify the bad administration commit, review the inverse change, and push the corrective commit through the same control plane.
Test positive and negative cases
Check what a key can see
Run the information command with the key that represents the user under test:
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ssh git@yourserver infoThe listed repositories should match the intended read visibility. If a repository is absent, check that the key filename, group membership, and repository block all use the same spelling.
Test an allowed clone or fetch
The normal SSH URL format is git@yourserver:repo. For the example repository:
git clone git@yourserver:project.gitA user with R, RW, or RW+ should be able to clone and fetch according to the repository rule.
Test ordinary push access
For a user granted RW, make a harmless branch or commit in a test working copy and push it. The push should succeed without allowing a force update. A reviewer with only R should receive a denial when attempting the same push.
Test force-update boundaries
Use a controlled test branch to verify that an RW+ rule permits the intended ref operation and that an ordinary RW identity is denied. If a ref pattern is present, test a ref that matches the pattern and another that does not; this catches rules that are broader or narrower than intended.
Always include a negative case in a change review. A successful clone alone proves only that read access works; it does not prove that write, force-update, or repository isolation is correct.
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Why users cannot obtain a server shell
All users arrive at the same Unix account, but Gitolite’s SSH key entries include forced handling that dispatches Gitolite rather than a shell. The requested command is interpreted as a Git operation, checked against the virtual user and repository policy, and then allowed or rejected. Consequently:
- A permitted Git protocol request can operate on an authorized repository.
- A request for a repository or ref outside the policy is denied.
- An interactive shell is not provided through the Gitolite account.
Do not “fix” a connection problem by assigning the hosting account an interactive shell or by editing ~git/.ssh/authorized_keys. Such changes bypass the security model and can be overwritten by Gitolite. Diagnose the key and policy in the administration repository instead.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
Permission denied (publickey)
- Confirm the client is offering the private key that matches the public key imported during setup.
- Check that the public key exists under the expected virtual username in
keydirand that the filename ends in.pub. - Verify that the key addition was committed and pushed to
gitolite-admin; editing a local clone alone has no effect. - Use the intended host and account in the SSH target:
git@yourserver.
The repository is not visible in info
- Check the exact repository name in the
repoblock and in the client URL. - Confirm the key’s virtual username is included directly or through the expected group.
- Make sure the administration commit that changed the rule was pushed successfully.
Clone works but push is denied
This normally indicates read-only policy. Inspect whether the identity has R rather than RW or RW+, and verify that the push targets the repository covered by the rule. If the attempted ref is restricted by a pattern, compare its name with the pattern before changing permissions.
Force push is denied
RW intentionally does not include the force-update privilege. Grant RW+ only to the trusted maintainer and, where possible, constrain it with a ref pattern. Re-test a matching and non-matching ref after pushing the policy change.
An unexpected shell or file change appears
Stop and inspect the hosting account. Gitolite expects to own and manage its authorization files, internal state, and bare repositories. Restore administration through gitolite-admin rather than hand-editing generated files, and ensure the hosting account remains dedicated to Gitolite.
Choose a policy by risk, not convenience
| Role or case | Recommended scope | Permission | Additional control |
|---|---|---|---|
| External or occasional reviewer | Only the repository that must be inspected | R |
No push capability; verify visibility with info. |
| Regular contributor | Assigned project repositories | RW |
Keep force updates unavailable. |
| Release or history maintainer | Specific maintenance repository or refs | RW+ |
Restrict with a ref pattern whenever possible. |
| New project | Named repository block | Start with no users, then add groups deliberately | Review the first clone, push, and denied operation. |
| Departing user | All repositories using the key | Remove the key file | Commit and push the deletion, then retest with the former key. |
Evaluate a proposed rule on repository scope, read versus write rights, force-update ability, branch or tag restrictions, group membership, and the audit trail created by the administration repository. If you cannot explain why a person needs RW+, use RW or R instead.
A complete minimal example
After importing the administrator key, the following files establish two roles for one project:
# keydir/alice.pub
# keydir/bob.pub
# keydir/carol.pub
# conf/gitolite.conf
@developers = alice bob
@reviewers = carol
repo project
RW = @developers
RW+ dev/ = alice
R = @reviewersCommit and push those files, then perform these checks:
- As Alice, confirm
projectappears inssh git@yourserver info, clone it, push an ordinary change, and test the permitteddev/force-update in a controlled ref. - As Bob, clone and push an ordinary change, then confirm a force update is rejected.
- As Carol, clone or fetch the project, confirm that a push is rejected, and verify that no unrelated repository appears.
- With a key not present in
keydir, confirm that SSH authentication or Gitolite authorization fails rather than granting accidental access.
This verifies identity mapping, repository visibility, normal writes, privileged ref operations, read-only behavior, and denial boundaries instead of checking only the happy path.
Rules to keep the server maintainable
- Use SSH public-key authentication; passwords are not the normal Gitolite SSH workflow.
- Keep the hosting account dedicated and without an interactive shell.
- Make all changes through
gitolite-adminso they can be reviewed, audited, and reverted. - Never hand-edit generated
authorized_keys,~git/.gitolite, or bare repositories. - Treat
RW+, ref deletion, and rewinding as privileged operations. - After every policy push, check the effective
infooutput and run both permitted and prohibited Git operations.
With this workflow, Ubuntu supplies the package and Unix account, SSH supplies key authentication, and Gitolite supplies the virtual identities and fine-grained repository policy. The administration repository remains the single place where access is defined and changed.
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