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Keep your existing SSH session open while testing. Confirm the account with id username, open a second session as that user, and run sudo -v before closing the original connection.
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What you need before starting
This procedure assumes you already have an Ubuntu server, an SSH connection that works, and an account with sudo privileges. The server must already be running an SSH service that accepts the authentication method you intend to use. You also need the new user’s public key if the account will authenticate with a key.
- Stay connected through your current SSH session until the new login and sudo test succeed.
- Replace every occurrence of
usernamebelow with the account name you want to create. - Have the public key available on the computer from which the new user will connect. Paste the public key, never the private key, into
authorized_keys.
The commands described here are used in third-party Ubuntu administration guides. A walkthrough labeled for Ubuntu 26.04 says the same commands apply, but that release-specific statement is not confirmed by Ubuntu release documentation, so check the defaults for the particular Ubuntu version you operate.
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1. Create the account with adduser
From the existing administrator session, run:
sudo adduser username
Ubuntu asks you to choose a password and then displays optional profile fields. Enter the password when prompted. For the optional full name, room number, work phone, home phone, and other fields, press Enter to leave them blank. Confirm the details when adduser asks whether they are correct.
The command creates the login account and its home directory. Use a simple, consistent name because the same name is used in the SSH path and in later verification commands. Do not disconnect your current administrator session after the account is created.
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adduser versus useradd
For an interactive Ubuntu account setup, adduser is the practical choice. An “Ubuntu Server 101” guide on Medium describes useradd as “a low level binary command compiled with the system,” while adduser is “a high level Perl script built on top of useradd.” The distinction matters because adduser leads you through the password and profile prompts instead of requiring you to assemble every account option yourself.
| Command | Description in the cited guide | Use in this procedure |
|---|---|---|
adduser |
High-level Perl script built on top of useradd |
Recommended for the interactive account-creation step |
useradd |
Low-level binary compiled with the system | Not needed for the steps below |
2. Give the account administrative access
Add the new account to Ubuntu’s sudo group:
sudo usermod -aG sudo username
The -G option identifies supplementary groups. The -a option means “append”; it adds sudo without replacing groups the account already has. Omitting -a can remove existing supplementary-group memberships, so keep the combined -aG form.
On Ubuntu, members of the sudo group receive sudo privileges by default. This is broad administrative access: the user can run commands as root after authenticating as required by the system’s sudo policy. Give this membership only to people who should administer the server.
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3. Create the SSH directory and key file
SSH looks for the account’s public keys in a file named authorized_keys inside the user’s .ssh directory. Create the directory and file under the new account’s home directory:
sudo mkdir -p /home/username/.ssh
sudo touch /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
Set the permissions exactly as follows:
sudo chmod 700 /home/username/.ssh
sudo chmod 600 /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
| Path | Required mode | Owner | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
/home/username/.ssh |
700 |
The new user | Private directory containing SSH configuration and keys |
/home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys |
600 |
The new user | Public keys permitted to authenticate as that user |
Fix ownership after creating the files:
sudo chown -R username:username /home/username/.ssh
The ownership and modes are important. Community Ubuntu guides note that an incorrect owner or permissions can cause SSH key login to fail even when the key itself is valid. If your system uses a nonstandard home-directory location, use that account’s actual home path instead of assuming /home/username.
4. Install the public key
Open the key file with an editor available on the server, for example:
sudo nano /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
Paste the complete public key on its own line. A typical public key is one long line beginning with a key type such as ssh-ed25519 or ssh-rsa, followed by encoded key data and an optional comment. Do not wrap one key across multiple lines, and do not paste the private key that stays on the client computer.
If more than one device should be allowed to log in as this account, put each device’s public key on a separate line. Save the file and exit the editor. Reapply the ownership and mode commands if you edited the file as a different account:
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sudo chown username:username /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
sudo chmod 600 /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
One key per line makes individual access easier to identify and remove later. Deleting one line revokes that particular public key without changing the account or other keys.
5. Verify the account and group membership
First check the account record and its groups from the original session:
id username
The output should identify the new user and include sudo among the listed groups. If sudo is absent, repeat the usermod -aG sudo username command and check the output again.
Next, keep the current administrator connection open and start a second SSH connection using the new account. The connection format is:
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ssh username@server-address
After logging in, validate sudo:
sudo -v
A successful command either refreshes the sudo credential timestamp silently or asks for the new user’s password, depending on the host’s sudo policy. The key test is that it completes without an error. Only after this second session works should you close the original administrator session.
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Why the second-session test prevents lockout
Making an account, changing its groups, and editing its key file are separate operations. A typo in the username, a misplaced key, incorrect ownership, or an incorrect mode can leave the new account unable to authenticate. Testing through a second connection gives you a working path back to the server while you correct the problem.
- Leave the original SSH window connected and idle.
- Open a new terminal or SSH client window.
- Connect as
usernameusing the installed public key. - Run
id usernameafter login if you want to inspect the account’s groups from its own session. - Run
sudo -vand confirm that sudo accepts the account. - Close the original session only after both login and sudo have succeeded.
Troubleshooting common failures
id username does not show sudo
Run the group command again exactly as written:
sudo usermod -aG sudo username
Then start a fresh SSH login as username and run id username there. The verification procedure specifically relies on a second session, rather than assuming an earlier shell reflects the newly changed membership.
SSH reports “Permission denied (publickey)”
Check the three items most directly tied to the key-file setup:
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/home/username/.ssh/authorized_keysfor the same username used in the SSH command. - The public key occupies one complete line and was not wrapped or truncated when pasted.
- The
.sshdirectory is mode700, the key file is mode600, and both are owned byusername.
From the administrator session, re-run:
sudo chown -R username:username /home/username/.ssh
sudo chmod 700 /home/username/.ssh
sudo chmod 600 /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
Then retry the second SSH connection. Keep the original connection open while making these corrections.
The account logs in but sudo -v fails
Confirm that sudo appears in the output of id username. If it does not, correct the group membership and reconnect. If it does appear, the host’s sudo policy may be requiring the password created during adduser; enter that password when prompted. A successful login alone does not prove that administrative access works, which is why sudo -v is a separate verification step.
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The optional adduser questions are confusing
Only the account password is required for this procedure. At each optional identity-field prompt, press Enter to leave the field empty, then confirm the summary when prompted. You can complete the SSH setup without entering a full name, phone number, room number, or other profile data.
You are unsure which key belongs in the file
Use the public key generated for the client device that will connect. Public keys are designed to be copied to the server; the matching private key must remain protected on the client. If several clients need access, add each public key as a separate line rather than replacing the existing entries.
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Sudo access is a privilege decision
Adding an account to sudo grants administrative capability, not merely permission to restart one service. If the person only needs a restricted task, do not add the account to the full sudo group unless that level of access is intended.
Protect the key file’s structure
Keep one public key per line and preserve the complete line when copying it. Accidental line breaks, missing characters, or pasted private-key material can prevent authentication. The required modes and ownership are part of the SSH setup, not optional cleanup.
Do not test by sacrificing your only connection
Never close the administrator’s existing SSH session immediately after changing the account. The second-session test is the recovery plan: it lets you repair the key path, permissions, ownership, or group membership without depending on an unverified account.
Ubuntu version notes
A third-party walkthrough titled for Ubuntu 26.04 states that these commands apply there. That statement has not been confirmed by official Ubuntu release notes, and defaults can change between releases. Treat the commands as the procedure described by the available Ubuntu guides, then verify behavior on the exact Ubuntu edition and image used by your server.
Complete command checklist
For reference, the essential sequence is:
sudo adduser username
sudo usermod -aG sudo username
sudo mkdir -p /home/username/.ssh
sudo touch /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
sudo chmod 700 /home/username/.ssh
sudo chmod 600 /home/username/.ssh/authorized_keys
sudo chown -R username:username /home/username/.ssh
id username
ssh username@server-address
sudo -v
Insert the public key between the ownership setup and the verification steps. The account is ready when the new user can establish a second SSH session and sudo -v succeeds, while the original administrator session remains available until that point.
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