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The production pattern is straightforward: compile and test the Go program in a multi-stage Docker build, run the resulting binary on an internal port such as 8080, and place NGINX in a separate container that publishes ports 80 and 443. Both containers join the same Compose network, so NGINX forwards requests to http://app:8080 by service name. Validate the image, logs, proxy response, and TLS before pointing DNS at the server.
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What the finished deployment looks like
A request follows this path:
- A browser connects to the public server on TCP port 80 or 443.
- NGINX terminates TLS when HTTPS is enabled and acts as the edge reverse proxy.
- NGINX forwards the request across the private Docker network to the Go container at
app:8080. - The Go server handles the route and returns a response through NGINX.
The Go service is not published directly to the host. Keeping its port internal prevents clients from bypassing the proxy and gives you one place to manage TLS, request headers, buffering, access logs, and timeouts. NGINX’s documented reverse-proxy functions include forwarding requests, modifying request headers, and controlling response buffering.
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Prepare the Go application for a container
Listen on the container interface
Bind the HTTP server to 0.0.0.0:8080, not only to 127.0.0.1. Loopback inside the Go container is visible only to processes in that container; an NGINX process in another container cannot reach it.
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addr := ":8080"
if value := os.Getenv("PORT"); value != "" {
addr = ":" + value
}
log.Fatal(http.ListenAndServe(addr, router))If your application accepts a complete address from configuration, set it to 0.0.0.0:8080 in the container environment. Keep the internal port stable even if the public port changes.
Expose a useful health endpoint
Create a cheap endpoint such as /healthz that returns HTTP 200 when the process is ready to serve traffic. Keep it independent of slow downstream calls unless your definition of readiness requires those dependencies. You can use the endpoint from an external monitor, a load balancer, or an orchestrator probe.
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Keep configuration outside the image
Read database addresses, API keys, signing keys, and other environment-specific values from environment variables or a secret manager. Do not copy a .env file containing production secrets into the Docker build context. A secret embedded in an image remains recoverable from image layers even after the source line is removed.
Use a builder, test, and release Dockerfile
Place this Dockerfile at the repository root. The example assumes the executable entry point is ./cmd/server; change that path if your project uses a different package.
# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1
FROM golang:1.23 AS build
WORKDIR /src
COPY go.mod go.sum ./
RUN go mod download
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 GOOS=linux go build -o /out/app ./cmd/server
FROM build AS test
RUN go test -v ./...
FROM gcr.io/distroless/base-debian12 AS release
COPY --from=test /out/app /app
EXPOSE 8080
USER nonroot:nonroot
ENTRYPOINT ["/app"]The version in this sample is illustrative; pin the Go image to the version your project supports, and preferably pin by digest after validating an update. Copying go.mod and go.sum before the rest of the source allows Docker to cache dependency downloads until those files change.
Why the test stage is wired into the release
The release stage copies the binary from test, not directly from build. That dependency makes a normal release build execute go test -v ./... first. If a test fails, the image build fails and no release image is produced. A separate command such as docker build --target test . is still useful for fast test-only feedback.
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Static versus dynamically linked binaries
CGO_ENABLED=0 and GOOS=linux produce a Linux binary without C-library linkage for applications that permit a static build. This works well with a minimal runtime image. If your application needs cgo, native database drivers, system fonts, or other shared libraries, use a runtime base that contains those dependencies and verify the binary in that image before deployment.
Runtime-user and certificate considerations
The distroless image in the example runs as nonroot:nonroot, matching the security practice shown in Docker’s Go example. A non-root process must be able to read its assets and bind to the chosen port; ports above 1024, including 8080, do not require root privileges. If the application makes outbound HTTPS calls, confirm that the runtime image contains CA certificates. Copy application templates, migrations, or static assets explicitly when the program needs them; copying only the binary is intentional, not automatic.
Build the image with a clean context
Add a .dockerignore file so local binaries, VCS metadata, logs, and secrets are not sent to the Docker daemon.
.git
.gitignore
Dockerfile
.dockerignore
.env
.env.*
*.log
tmp/
bin/Build and tag the image from the repository root:
docker build -t go-web:local .To inspect the test stage without starting a container, use:
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docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 go-web:localIn another terminal, request http://localhost:8080/healthz. A successful response proves that the binary starts and listens on the expected interface and port.
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Put NGINX in front of the Go container
Create the reverse-proxy configuration
Create nginx/nginx.conf with an upstream target that uses the Compose service name:
events {}
http {
upstream go_backend {
server app:8080;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name _;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
proxy_read_timeout 60s;
proxy_send_timeout 60s;
proxy_pass http://go_backend;
}
}
}The Host header preserves the requested host name. The X-Real-IP and X-Forwarded-For headers carry the client address through the proxy, while X-Forwarded-Proto tells the application whether the original request used HTTP or HTTPS. Configure your framework to trust these headers only from your NGINX network; otherwise a client could spoof them.
Adjust the timeout values to the application. A long-running export or streaming endpoint may need a larger read timeout, while a short API can use a smaller value to release stuck connections quickly. Do not increase timeouts merely to hide slow handlers.
Build a small NGINX image
NGINX’s container instructions use an NGINX base image and copy configuration into it. Create nginx/Dockerfile:
FROM nginx:1.27-alpine
COPY nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.confPin the image tag to the version you have tested, and consider pinning its digest for repeatable production deployments.
Define both services with Docker Compose
Create compose.yaml:
services:
app:
build:
context: .
target: release
expose:
- "8080"
environment:
PORT: "8080"
restart: unless-stopped
nginx:
build:
context: ./nginx
depends_on:
- app
ports:
- "80:80"
restart: unless-stoppedexpose documents the internal port without publishing it on the host. Only NGINX maps a host port. Compose creates a private network automatically, and the name app resolves to the Go service’s container address. Do not hard-code a changing container IP.
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If you need HTTPS, add a 443 mapping and mount certificate material into NGINX. Keep private keys outside the image and restrict their file permissions. A common layout is:
nginx:
build:
context: ./nginx
depends_on:
- app
ports:
- "80:80"
- "443:443"
volumes:
- ./certs:/etc/nginx/certs:ro
restart: unless-stoppedUse a separately verified certificate provider or an automated ACME workflow. The provider’s renewal, rate-limit, and account requirements vary, so verify those terms before choosing an automation method.
Start the stack
docker compose build
docker compose up -dFor a development run with live logs, omit -d. The first build downloads the Go and NGINX base images and compiles the application; later builds reuse unchanged layers.
Validate the deployment before changing DNS
Perform checks in this order so a failure is easy to localize.
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docker compose ps. Both services should be running; a container that repeatedly restarts needs log inspection before any proxy debugging. - Read application logs. Run
docker compose logs app. Look for the startup message, bind address, migrations, and fatal configuration errors. - Read NGINX logs. Run
docker compose logs nginx. Connection-refused or name-resolution messages indicate an upstream or startup problem; HTTP status codes from the Go service indicate that proxying is working. - Test from the host. Run
curl -i http://127.0.0.1/healthz. The response should come from the Go handler through NGINX, not from a separately published app port. - Test the internal route. Run
docker compose exec nginx nginx -tto validate NGINX syntax. If the NGINX image includes a shell, you can also resolve the service name from inside the network; do not assume host DNS can resolveapp. - Check the image contents. Use
docker image history go-web:localand confirm that compiler layers are not part of the release image’s runtime filesystem. Scan the image with your organization’s approved scanner. - Verify graceful behavior. Stop and restart the app container, then request the endpoint again. NGINX should recover after the service returns; a permanently cached container IP or hard-coded address is a configuration error.
Only after local or staging checks pass should you update the domain’s DNS records. Lowering DNS TTL ahead of a planned migration can reduce the time required to reverse a mistake, but TTL behavior is controlled by resolvers and is not instantaneous.
Add HTTPS at NGINX
For a public domain, terminate TLS at NGINX and forward the request to the internal HTTP listener. Keep the Go service on HTTP inside the private Docker network unless you have a specific requirement for end-to-end encryption there.
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An HTTPS server block needs the certificate paths and a redirect from port 80:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
return 301 https://$host$request_uri;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/certs/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/certs/privkey.pem;
location / {
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_pass http://go_backend;
}
}Replace example.com with the actual domain and ensure the certificate covers every hostname users will request. Test renewal before the first certificate expires, reload NGINX after renewal, and monitor the remaining validity period. A successful HTTP response does not prove that the certificate chain, hostname, or renewal process is correct.
Production hardening that belongs around the containers
- Pin dependencies and base images. Record Go, NGINX, and runtime image versions, and use immutable digests when your release process supports them.
- Scan every release. Scan the final image rather than only the builder image, then set a policy for actionable high-severity findings. A small image reduces exposure but does not eliminate vulnerabilities in the application or base libraries.
- Run without root. Keep the Go process on
nonroot:nonrootwhen its file and network requirements allow it. NGINX may need a different user arrangement; test configuration and cache directories before changing its default. - Use restart policies deliberately.
unless-stoppedrestarts ordinary crashes, but it does not replace monitoring. Alert on repeated restarts and on containers that remain running while returning errors. - Persist only what must persist. Store databases, uploads, and certificates on managed storage or controlled host volumes. Containers themselves should be replaceable.
- Send logs to durable storage. Docker’s local log files are not a long-term audit system. Forward structured application and access logs to a retained destination and include request IDs where possible.
- Set resource limits. Define CPU and memory reservations or limits appropriate to the host. A runaway request should not exhaust resources needed by NGINX or the operating system.
- Protect administrative endpoints. Do not expose profiling, debugging, metrics, or migration routes on the public server unless they are authenticated and intentionally published.
- Back up deployment state. Keep Compose files, NGINX configuration, certificate-account data, and environment-variable definitions (without secret values) in version control so the host can be rebuilt.
Choose a deployment target
The same image can run on several kinds of infrastructure. The right choice depends on how much host administration and orchestration your team wants to own.
| Target | Setup effort | Scaling and operations | Control and maintenance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Single VM with Docker Compose | Lowest for a small service; install Docker, copy the Compose project, configure firewall and DNS. | Scale vertically or add hosts manually. A single host is a natural availability boundary. | Maximum host control, but you own operating-system patches, backups, firewalling, TLS renewal, monitoring, and capacity planning. |
| Managed container service such as Cloud Run | Moderate application setup; publish an image and configure service, identity, domain, and environment settings. | Managed revisions, HTTPS features, and request-driven scaling reduce host work. Confirm provider-specific concurrency, execution, networking, and pricing limits. | Less server maintenance and less control over the underlying host; platform behavior and regional availability become dependencies. |
| Kubernetes | Highest. You need a cluster, manifests or a deployment tool, ingress, secrets, observability, and upgrade procedures. | Strongest orchestration, rollout, service-discovery, and scaling controls when configured correctly. | Broad control and portability, with the greatest platform complexity and ongoing operational overhead for a small application. |
Choose a VM when one team can responsibly operate a host and the service has a modest, predictable footprint. Choose a managed container service when reducing host maintenance matters more than controlling the underlying machine. Choose Kubernetes when you already operate it or need its multi-service scheduling, policy, and rollout capabilities; adopting it solely for one small Go application often adds more operational work than value.
Release updates and recover from failures
Build an immutable release
docker compose build --pull
docker compose up -d--pull checks for newer base-image layers. In a controlled pipeline, replace floating tags with pinned versions or digests, attach a version tag to the application image, run tests and scans, and record the exact image digest deployed to each environment.
Roll back safely
Keep the previous image tag available. If a new release fails its smoke test, restore the previous image reference and run docker compose up -d again. Database migrations require a separate rollback plan: prefer backward-compatible schema changes so an older binary can continue operating while the application image is reverted.
Handle zero-downtime requirements honestly
A single Compose host normally replaces one container at a time and may create a brief interruption. For zero-downtime deployments, run multiple application instances behind a load balancer or use a platform that supports rolling revisions. Add graceful shutdown handling in Go so the server stops accepting new work, finishes in-flight requests within a deadline, and then exits.
Quick Recap
Troubleshooting by symptom
| Symptom | Likely cause | Fix |
|---|---|---|
| NGINX returns 502 Bad Gateway | The Go process is stopped, listening on loopback, using another port, or the upstream name is wrong. | Check docker compose logs app, confirm 0.0.0.0:8080, verify server app:8080;, and run docker compose exec nginx nginx -t. |
NGINX cannot resolve app |
The services are on different networks or the name does not match the Compose service key. | Keep both services in the same Compose project and use the exact service name, not a container IP. |
| The image builds but the container exits immediately | The entry point is wrong, a required asset is absent, or the binary requires libraries missing from the runtime image. | Read container logs, verify the executable path and architecture, copy required assets, or choose a runtime base that supplies needed shared libraries. |
| Tests were not run | The release stage copied directly from build, leaving the test stage disconnected from the default target. |
Copy the artifact from the test stage as shown, or run docker build --target test . as a required CI step. |
| Client IP is always the proxy address | The application ignores forwarding headers or NGINX is not setting them. | Set the forwarding headers, configure the framework’s trusted-proxy list, and never trust arbitrary client-supplied forwarding headers. |
| HTTPS serves the wrong certificate | The SNI hostname does not match the server block or the mounted certificate is stale. | Check server_name, certificate SANs, mounted paths, and reload NGINX after renewal. |
| Large responses time out | Proxy read or send timeouts are shorter than the handler’s work, or buffering is unsuitable for streaming. | Measure handler duration, set endpoint-appropriate timeouts, and configure buffering deliberately rather than raising every timeout globally. |
| Changes to configuration do not appear | The image or container still contains the old file. | Rebuild when configuration is copied into an image, recreate the container, and verify the active file with nginx -T where available. |
A concise go-live checklist
- The Go server listens on
0.0.0.0:8080and has a working health endpoint. - The Dockerfile downloads dependencies in a cacheable layer, compiles for Linux, runs
go test -v ./..., and copies only the required artifact into the release image. - The runtime image uses a non-root user where compatible and contains required certificates and assets.
- Compose publishes ports 80 and 443 only from NGINX; the Go port remains internal.
- NGINX proxies to the Compose service name, preserves host and forwarding headers, and has tested timeouts.
- Base images are pinned or digest-controlled, images are scanned, and secrets are supplied at runtime.
- Restart behavior, resource limits, health monitoring, durable logs, and backups are defined.
- TLS installation and renewal have been tested, and DNS is changed only after direct-IP validation succeeds.
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