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The procedure below covers a binary deployment on Ubuntu, including DNS, firewall rules, a hardened service unit, Nginx configuration, Let’s Encrypt certificates, renewals, scaling choices, and the checks that isolate the most common failures.
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What the finished deployment looks like
A browser or game client connects to your domain on ports 80 or 443. Nginx is the public-facing web server: it accepts the request, terminates TLS when HTTPS is enabled, and forwards the request to a Go process listening only on the server’s loopback interface.
client → example.com:443 → Nginx → 127.0.0.1:8080 → Go applicationThe production host does not need a Go installation when you deploy a compiled Linux binary. It needs the binary, any configuration and assets the program reads, a dedicated service account, and a supervisor such as systemd. Nginx and systemd are separate failure boundaries: a broken Go process should not take down Nginx, and an Nginx configuration error should not erase the application’s logs.
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Prerequisites and decisions
- An Ubuntu server with administrative access through SSH. The commands work with current Ubuntu releases; package names and service commands are the same on supported LTS versions.
- A Go application that reads its listen address from configuration or can be changed to use
127.0.0.1:8080. - A domain name whose DNS can be edited. Use a hostname such as
api.example.comif the application is an API for a game or companion site. - Inbound SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS access in the provider firewall and the host firewall. The Go port should not be opened publicly.
- A deployment choice: a direct binary supervised by systemd is simple and has little overhead; a container can provide a repeatable image and isolation but adds an image registry, runtime, and another layer to troubleshoot.
Ubuntu’s Nginx documentation describes the web server’s reverse-proxy role and the server-block pattern: Ubuntu Server documentation (PDF). A traditional Go service unit and Nginx arrangement is also illustrated in this Go/Nginx deployment guide; treat its Ubuntu 18.04 package details as historical and use your installed release’s packages.
1. Build a Linux binary
Build on your workstation or in CI, not directly in the production directory. Set the target operating system and CPU architecture to match the server. For a common 64-bit Intel or AMD Ubuntu VPS:
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file dist/game-apiIf the server is ARM64, build with GOARCH=arm64 instead. Keep environment-specific values—database URLs, signing keys, session secrets, and feature flags—out of the binary. Supply them through a root-owned environment file or another secret-management system.
2. Create the application account and directories
Log in over SSH and create a service identity that cannot be used for interactive login. Store the executable in a directory owned by root and give the service account write access only to directories where the application must write data.
sudo useradd --system --home /opt/game-api --shell /usr/sbin/nologin gameapi
sudo install -d -o root -g root -m 0755 /opt/game-api/bin
sudo install -d -o gameapi -g gameapi -m 0750 /opt/game-api/data
sudo install -d -o root -g root -m 0755 /etc/game-apiCopy the binary from your workstation, replacing the local path and server name:
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scp dist/game-api [email protected]:/tmp/game-api
ssh [email protected]
sudo install -o root -g root -m 0755 /tmp/game-api /opt/game-api/bin/game-api
rm /tmp/game-apiIf the program serves images, JavaScript, or other static files, place them in a read-only directory such as /opt/game-api/static and set ownership to root. Keep uploaded files or generated game data in a separate writable directory.
3. Put configuration in a protected environment file
Create a file readable by root and the service account only. The variable names must match what your Go program expects.
sudo install -o root -g gameapi -m 0640 /dev/null /etc/game-api/game-api.env
sudoedit /etc/game-api/game-api.envAPP_ENV=production
LISTEN_ADDR=127.0.0.1:8080
DATABASE_URL=postgres://user:[email protected]/game
SESSION_SECRET=replace-with-a-long-random-valueDo not put secrets in a world-readable file, in the Nginx configuration, or in shell history. If your application uses a YAML or JSON configuration file instead, apply the same ownership and permission model and reference its path from the service unit.
4. Define a systemd service
Create /etc/systemd/system/game-api.service:
[Unit]
Description=Game API Go service
Wants=network-online.target
After=network-online.target
[Service]
Type=simple
User=gameapi
Group=gameapi
WorkingDirectory=/opt/game-api
ExecStart=/opt/game-api/bin/game-api
EnvironmentFile=/etc/game-api/game-api.env
Restart=on-failure
RestartSec=5
NoNewPrivileges=true
PrivateTmp=true
ProtectSystem=strict
ProtectHome=true
ReadWritePaths=/opt/game-api/data
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.targetExecStart must be an absolute path. The restart policy brings the process back after an unexpected exit, while RestartSec prevents a tight crash loop. The hardening options remove privileges and make most of the filesystem read-only to the service; retain ReadWritePaths only for directories the program genuinely needs to modify. If your application needs another path, add it explicitly rather than making the whole filesystem writable.
Load the unit, start it, and enable boot startup:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now game-api.service
sudo systemctl status game-api.serviceA healthy status shows active (running). Inspect the application output with:
sudo journalctl -u game-api.service -n 100 --no-pager
sudo journalctl -u game-api.service -fBefore introducing Nginx, test the private listener on the server:
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curl --fail http://127.0.0.1:8080/healthUse the actual health endpoint exposed by your application. If this request fails, fix the Go service first; Nginx cannot proxy a process that is not listening.
5. Install Nginx and create a reverse-proxy server block
Install the package and start it:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl enable --now nginxCreate a site definition at /etc/nginx/sites-available/game-api:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}proxy_pass points to the private Go listener. The forwarded headers preserve the original host, client address, and scheme so the application can generate correct URLs and log the real client IP. If the application uses WebSockets for live game state, add the upgrade headers and confirm that the Go router supports the upgraded connection:
proxy_set_header Upgrade $http_upgrade;
proxy_set_header Connection $connection_upgrade;For that form, define a map in the main Nginx context (for example, in /etc/nginx/nginx.conf):
map $http_upgrade $connection_upgrade {
default upgrade;
'' close;
}Enable the site and remove the default site if it would answer the same address:
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/game-api /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/game-api
sudo rm -f /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/default
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxAlways run nginx -t before a reload. A syntax error leaves the existing configuration running, while a successful test confirms that Nginx can parse the new server block. Request the public hostname from another machine after DNS is in place:
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curl -I http://example.com/health6. Point DNS at the server and configure the firewall
Create an A record for the server’s IPv4 address and, if you use IPv6, an AAAA record for the IPv6 address. Wait for the record to resolve before requesting a certificate. Verify from a machine with DNS tools:
dig +short example.com
dig +short AAAA example.comAllow only the public services you intend to expose. With Ubuntu’s UFW:
sudo ufw allow OpenSSH
sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'
sudo ufw enable
sudo ufw status verboseDo not add 8080/tcp to the firewall for normal operation. Nginx reaches that port locally, while internet clients should see only ports 80 and 443. Also check the VPS provider’s network firewall; a host rule cannot override a blocked provider rule.
7. Add HTTPS with Let’s Encrypt and Certbot
For an internet-facing site, Ubuntu recommends Let’s Encrypt as a free, automated certificate authority trusted by major browsers and clients. Install Certbot and its Nginx integration:
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sudo apt update
sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginxRequest a certificate and allow Certbot to edit the Nginx server block:
sudo certbot --nginx -d example.com -d www.example.comThe Nginx plugin normally creates the HTTPS listener, redirects HTTP to HTTPS when you select that option, and installs the certificate paths. HTTP-01 validation requires that Let’s Encrypt reach your server on port 80, so DNS must already point to this host and the firewall must allow HTTP. Ubuntu’s TLS guidance covers the workflow and alternatives: Ubuntu TLS documentation.
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Let’s Encrypt certificates are valid for 90 days. Certbot installs a systemd timer that attempts renewal twice a day. Test the complete renewal path without issuing a real replacement:
sudo certbot renew --dry-run
systemctl list-timers | grep certbotA renewal test that succeeds proves that validation, certificate storage, and the Nginx reload hook work together. If another service terminates TLS instead of Nginx, configure an explicit post-renewal hook to reload that service. A wildcard such as *.example.com cannot use HTTP-01; use a DNS-01 ACME workflow with a DNS provider that supports safe automation. DNS-01 is also appropriate when inbound port 80 cannot be exposed.
Serving static assets: Nginx or Go?
Choose one owner for each URL path. Nginx is efficient for immutable files such as a game launcher, documentation, JavaScript bundles, or images:
location /assets/ {
alias /opt/game-api/static/;
try_files $uri =404;
add_header Cache-Control "public, max-age=86400";
}
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}Use root instead of alias when your URL-to-file mapping is a normal directory relationship. Keep user-specific or permission-sensitive downloads behind Go so the application can authenticate and authorize each request. If Go already serves every asset and the traffic is modest, forwarding all paths is simpler; Nginx-side static handling reduces work for the application and lets you set cache headers at the edge.
Scaling and deployment choices
One upstream versus multiple Go instances
One Nginx upstream is the right starting point for a single server:
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;When you run several instances on separate local ports, define an upstream group:
Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesupstream game_api {
server 127.0.0.1:8080;
server 127.0.0.1:8081;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://game_api;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}Multiple processes help use more CPU cores and permit rolling restarts, but they require a plan for shared state. Store sessions, matchmaking state, rate limits, and queues in shared services or use a deliberate sticky-session strategy. Do not assume that an in-memory map is consistent across instances.
Binary plus systemd versus containers
| Choice | Strengths | Costs and cautions |
|---|---|---|
| Compiled binary with systemd | Few moving parts, fast startup, native Ubuntu logs and boot integration, no Go runtime on the host | You must manage binary distribution, configuration files, users, and rollback directories |
| Containerized Go application | Reproducible image, explicit runtime filesystem, convenient promotion between environments | Requires a container runtime, image lifecycle, networking rules, and container log/health management |
Both approaches can keep the Go listener private and use the same Nginx server block. Select based on your release process and operational skills rather than an assumed performance difference; no benchmark establishes a universal throughput or latency advantage for this stack.
Updating and rolling back safely
- Build and test a new Linux binary in CI or on a workstation.
- Copy it to a versioned directory such as
/opt/game-api/releases/2026-10-15-1/, then set ownership and mode to root-owned and executable. - Update a symlink such as
/opt/game-api/current, or changeExecStartto the new absolute path. - Run
sudo systemctl daemon-reloadif the unit changed, thensudo systemctl restart game-api. - Check
systemctl status game-api, followjournalctl -u game-api -f, and call the local health endpoint. - Only after the application is healthy, use
sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginxfor Nginx changes. - Keep the previous release until smoke tests pass. To roll back, point the symlink back or restore the prior
ExecStartpath and restart the service.
A restart briefly interrupts in-flight requests. For a high-availability setup, run more than one upstream and drain or remove one instance before replacing it.
Quick Recap
Troubleshooting by symptom
502 Bad Gateway from Nginx
- Check
sudo systemctl status game-apiandsudo journalctl -u game-api -n 100. - Run
curl http://127.0.0.1:8080/healthon the server. - Compare the Nginx
proxy_passaddress with the Go service’s actual listen address. - Confirm that the service did not bind only to an unexpected IPv6 address or a different port.
Nginx serves the wrong site or a default page
- Verify the request’s hostname matches
server_name. - Check that the symlink exists in
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/. - Run
sudo nginx -Tto inspect the complete loaded configuration, then test and reload it.
Connection times out from the internet
- Check the A/AAAA records with
digand make sure they point to this server. - Check both the provider firewall and UFW for ports 80 and 443.
- Confirm Nginx is listening with
sudo ss -ltnp | grep -E ':80|:443'. - Do not diagnose a private-port failure from outside; port 8080 is intentionally not public.
Certbot cannot validate the domain
- Ensure every requested name resolves to this host, including
wwwif included. - Allow inbound port 80 for HTTP-01 and remove conflicting web-server rules.
- Check that Nginx answers the hostname before running Certbot.
- For a wildcard or a network that cannot accept port 80, use DNS-01 instead of HTTP-01.
The service starts manually but not after reboot
- Run
sudo systemctl is-enabled game-api; enable it withsudo systemctl enable game-apiif necessary. - Check the unit’s absolute
ExecStart, environment-file path, directory ownership, and the boot-time journal. - Keep
After=network-online.targetwhen the application requires the network during startup, but make the application retry temporary database unavailability rather than assuming the database is ready immediately.
Production checklist
- The binary matches the server architecture and has executable permissions.
- The application runs under a dedicated non-root account.
- Secrets are outside the binary and protected by file permissions.
- The Go process listens on
127.0.0.1or another private interface. - The systemd unit has an absolute
ExecStart, restart policy, boot enablement, and useful journal output. - Nginx configuration passes
nginx -tbefore every reload and forwards the original host and proxy headers. - DNS records and both firewall layers permit only the required public ports.
- Certbot issuance succeeds,
sudo certbot renew --dry-runsucceeds, and the renewal timer is present. - Health checks, logs, backups, and a rollback binary are available before you announce the deployment.
Useful operational commands
| Task | Command |
|---|---|
| Application status | sudo systemctl status game-api |
| Application logs | sudo journalctl -u game-api -f |
| Restart application | sudo systemctl restart game-api |
| Validate Nginx | sudo nginx -t |
| Reload Nginx without dropping connections | sudo systemctl reload nginx |
| Inspect listeners | sudo ss -ltnp |
| Test certificate renewal | sudo certbot renew --dry-run |
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