To deploy a WAR on Ubuntu, place the archive in the active Tomcat Host appBase (normally a webapps directory), or deploy it through Tomcat Manager. With autoDeploy="true", a running Tomcat notices a new or replaced WAR; with unpackWARs="true", it expands the archive. A file named myapp.war normally becomes http://server:8080/myapp/. First verify the Ubuntu release, Tomcat major version, Java runtime, service unit, and actual CATALINA_BASE rather than assuming a distribution-specific path.
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What a WAR deployment does
Apache Tomcat calls the process of installing a web application “deployment.” A WAR (Web Application Archive) is a ZIP-format package containing compiled Java web-application classes, libraries, configuration, and web assets. Tomcat’s Host deployer watches its configured application base directory and creates a web context from the archive.
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The archive name normally determines the URL context:
| WAR filename | Normal context path | Example URL |
|---|---|---|
myapp.war |
/myapp |
http://server:8080/myapp/ |
ROOT.war |
/ |
http://server:8080/ |
billing-2.4.1.war |
/billing-2.4.1 unless a separate context configuration changes it |
http://server:8080/billing-2.4.1/ |
Tomcat can run directly from the compressed WAR when unpackWARs is disabled. When it is enabled, Tomcat expands the archive into a directory beside the WAR. An old exploded directory can therefore affect what you see during a release, so replacement and cleanup must be deliberate.
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Choose the installation model before copying anything
Ubuntu package-managed Tomcat
Ubuntu describes Tomcat as a web container for Java Servlets and JavaServer Pages. The distribution package is convenient when Ubuntu’s Tomcat major version and update lifecycle suit the application. The service unit, configuration locations, account name, and log paths are chosen by the package and can differ between Ubuntu releases.
Private Tomcat instance
A separately installed Tomcat is appropriate when an application requires a different major version, an independently managed upgrade schedule, or multiple isolated instances. Run it under a dedicated, unprivileged account and give that account ownership of its CATALINA_BASE and read access to the application archive. Do not mix files from a package-managed instance with a private installation.
Set the compatibility target
Record the Ubuntu release, Tomcat major version, and Java runtime before deployment. Servlet versus Jakarta Servlet namespaces are a major-version boundary: an application compiled for one API family may fail to start on a Tomcat version expecting the other. Confirm the application vendor’s compatibility matrix and the Java version it supports.
Install and verify Java and Tomcat
Tomcat requires a Java installation, and its JAVA_HOME must point to the JDK or JRE used by the service. The shell used by an administrator is not necessarily the environment inherited by systemd.
- Update package metadata:
sudo apt update. - Find the Tomcat package name and Java packages available for this Ubuntu release:
apt-cache search '^tomcat[0-9]+$'andapt-cache search 'openjdk-[0-9]+-jre'. - Install the package version that matches the application’s supported Tomcat major and Java level, for example:
sudo apt install openjdk-<supported-version>-jre tomcat<major>. Replace the angle-bracketed values with real package names returned for your release; they are not universal across Ubuntu versions. - Check the installed Java:
java -version. - List candidate Tomcat units:
systemctl list-unit-files 'tomcat*', then inspect the selected unit withsudo systemctl status tomcat<major>. - Start and enable the service if the package did not already do so:
sudo systemctl enable --now tomcat<major>.
For a private instance, use the supplied startup scripts or its systemd unit, then verify the unit’s JAVA_HOME, CATALINA_HOME, and CATALINA_BASE. A successful systemctl status result is not enough: deployment must be checked in the running instance’s logs.
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Find the active CATALINA_BASE and appBase
Never assume that /var/lib/tomcat/webapps, /var/lib/tomcat10/webapps, or any other familiar path is active. CATALINA_HOME identifies the Tomcat installation; CATALINA_BASE identifies the runtime instance, including its configuration, logs, and deployed applications.
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- Identify the unit:
systemctl list-units --type=service 'tomcat*'. - Inspect its complete definition and environment:
sudo systemctl cat tomcat<major>andsudo systemctl show tomcat<major> --property=Environment. Follow any referenced environment file such as/etc/default/...or an instance-specific configuration. - Inspect the running Java command line for
-Dcatalina.base=...and-Dcatalina.home=...:ps -eo pid,args | grep '[o]rg.apache.catalina.startup.Bootstrap'. - Open the active
conf/server.xmland locate the relevant<Host>element. ItsappBaseattribute is the deployment directory. A relative value such aswebappsis relative toCATALINA_BASE. - Check the same Host’s
autoDeployand the Engine-level or Host-leveldeployOnStartupsetting. For a normal running-instance deployment,autoDeploymust be enabled.
The effective directory is therefore the Host’s appBase, resolved relative to CATALINA_BASE when necessary. The exact log directory is likewise <CATALINA_BASE>/logs unless the installation overrides it.
Method 1: copy the WAR into the active appBase
1. Prepare the release artifact
Build the WAR for the target Tomcat and Java compatibility level. Check its filename, checksum, and build identifier before transferring it. A predictable name makes the resulting context path predictable.
2. Inspect the existing deployment
In the appBase, look for an older WAR and an exploded directory with the same basename. Do not delete either automatically. Follow your release procedure: stop traffic if required, preserve a rollback copy, and remove stale exploded content only when you have decided to replace it. Leaving an old directory can make old files appear to survive a deployment.
3. Copy with safe ownership and permissions
Transfer the archive to the server, then copy it into the resolved appBase. For example, after setting a shell variable to the directory you verified:
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sudo install -o tomcat -g tomcat -m 0644 /path/to/myapp.war /verified/appBase/myapp.warThe service account may be named differently by your package or private unit. Use the account shown by the unit’s User= setting. The service must be able to read the WAR and create or update its work and temporary files.
4. Watch deployment while Tomcat is running
Follow the active runtime logs, not a guessed file:
sudo journalctl -u tomcat<major> -f
# In another terminal, inspect files under <CATALINA_BASE>/logsLook for the context being deployed and for a completion message without a stack trace. With autoDeploy enabled, Tomcat detects a new WAR on a running Host. With unpackWARs enabled, an exploded directory appears; with it disabled, the archive remains the runtime source.
5. Request the context and verify the build
Open http://server:8080/myapp/, replacing the port with the configured connector and the path with the WAR basename. Verify an application health endpoint, a representative static asset, and a response that identifies the expected version or build. A generic HTTP response alone does not prove that the newly copied build is serving.
Method 2: deploy with Tomcat Manager
Manager provides an interactive HTML interface and a text API. It is useful for controlled operations and automation, but it adds a privileged HTTP endpoint that must be protected.
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Text API deployment
The documented pattern is:
curl --user 'manager-account:password'
'http://server:8080/manager/text/deploy?war=file:/path/to/myapp.war'The path must be readable from the Tomcat host. If no context path is supplied, Manager derives it from the WAR basename. To specify one explicitly, use the API’s context parameter and ensure it begins with a slash. URL-encode any characters required by the endpoint.
HTML Manager upload
Sign in to the HTML Manager at the protected Manager URL, choose the WAR upload control, select the local archive, and submit the deployment. Manager installs it into the selected Host’s appBase. The account needs the appropriate Manager deployment role; do not grant broader administrative roles just to upload an application.
Protect the Manager endpoint
- Create a dedicated management account in the installation’s user and role configuration.
- Permit access only from an administration network or through a secured tunnel; do not expose Manager broadly to the public internet.
- Use HTTPS at the front end where credentials would otherwise cross an untrusted network.
- Remove or disable Manager exposure when it is not required.
- Keep the WAR and Manager credentials out of shell history and CI logs.
An existing application path, an invalid context path, a Java exception, an unreadable archive, or insufficient disk space can make an install fail. Read the complete Manager response and the Tomcat stack trace before retrying.
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| Decision point | Copy to appBase | Tomcat Manager |
|---|---|---|
| Must Tomcat already be running? | A running service is needed for immediate auto-deployment; a stopped service can deploy on startup when startup deployment is enabled. | Yes. The Manager endpoint is served by a running Tomcat. |
| Credentials and network exposure | Uses server filesystem permissions and administrative access; no deployment HTTP endpoint is required. | Requires a protected Manager account and network endpoint. |
| CI/CD automation | Works well with controlled file transfer and service-account permissions. | Works with an API client, but secrets and endpoint access must be managed. |
| Rollback | Restore the previous WAR deliberately, handle any exploded directory, and verify logs and health checks. | Undeploy or redeploy through Manager, then verify the resulting context. |
| Context-path control | Normally follows the filename; use a Context configuration for a different path. | Can use an explicit context parameter during deployment. |
| Operational risk | Lower network exposure, but easy to copy into the wrong instance if appBase is not verified. | Clear API feedback, but a misprotected management endpoint is a serious security risk. |
Use a custom context path without duplicate deployment
If the URL must not match the WAR filename, define a per-application Context configuration using the method supported by your Tomcat version and installation. Then make sure the same application is not also being auto-deployed from another WAR or directory. Two deployment mechanisms targeting one path can produce “already exists” errors, confusing replacements, or an application that appears to revert.
A ROOT.war is the conventional way to deploy the application at /. Treat it carefully: it replaces the default root application and affects every request that does not include another context.
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Avoid editing server.xml for ordinary application deployment. Per-application Context files, appBase deployment, and Manager are easier to change and reduce the chance of duplicate definitions.
Deployment verification checklist
- Service: the expected Tomcat unit is active, and its Java command line points to the intended runtime.
- Location: the WAR is in the active Host appBase, not merely a similarly named directory.
- Permissions: the Tomcat service account can read the archive and write required work and temporary directories.
- Logs: the active
CATALINA_BASE/logsand systemd journal show deployment without a stack trace. - URL: the filename-derived or explicitly configured context returns an HTTP response on the configured connector and hostname.
- Application behavior: static resources and at least one application endpoint load successfully.
- Version: the response or health endpoint reports the build identifier that belongs to the copied WAR.
- Persistence: after a controlled restart, the same deployment returns and Tomcat starts with the intended Java runtime.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
The expected URL returns 404
- Derive the path from the exact basename:
myapp.waris normally/myapp; check case and punctuation. - Confirm the connector port and hostname; the application may be deployed on a different listener.
- Read the deployment log for the context and verify that startup completed.
- Check whether a custom Context changed the path or whether the request is reaching another Tomcat instance.
The WAR is ignored
- Recheck the Host’s resolved appBase and the active
CATALINA_BASE. - Verify ownership and read permissions for the service account.
- Confirm
autoDeployand background processing are enabled for a running service, or restart when your configuration deploys only at startup. - Check disk space and filesystem security controls if Tomcat cannot create the expanded directory.
Manager reports that the application already exists
Do not repeatedly upload the same path. Decide whether this is a replacement or a separate context, then undeploy or replace the existing application according to your release procedure. Preserve a rollback artifact before removing the currently known-good version.
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Tomcat logs a Java exception or will not start the application
Read the entire stack trace, including the first caused-by section. Verify the WAR’s Servlet/Jakarta API compatibility with the Tomcat major version, its Java requirement, and the service’s actual JAVA_HOME. A Java version in your interactive shell does not prove that systemd is using the same one.
New code does not appear
Confirm the copied file’s timestamp and checksum, then inspect whether an old exploded directory remains. Under a controlled release procedure, stop or quiesce traffic as appropriate, remove stale exploded content, copy the intended WAR, and watch a fresh deployment. Do not delete directories blindly on a live production system.
Manager upload is blocked
Check the account’s Manager role, endpoint restrictions, accepted WAR filename and extension, available disk space, and the Manager response. Keep the endpoint inaccessible from untrusted networks even while diagnosing it.
Deploy without restarting Tomcat
Copying a WAR into the active appBase can avoid a full service restart when the Host has autoDeploy enabled and is processing background changes. Manager deployment also operates against a running service. This is not a guarantee of zero downtime: class loading, session handling, database migrations, long startup times, in-flight requests, and application-level readiness determine the user-visible effect. Use a maintenance or traffic-shifting procedure when the application cannot tolerate a reload.
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Release and rollback practices
- Record the target Tomcat unit,
CATALINA_BASE, appBase, connector, Java runtime, and expected context path. - Save the current WAR and build identifier before replacing it.
- Transfer the new archive to a staging location, verify its checksum, and set service-account-readable permissions.
- Deploy through the chosen method while watching logs.
- Run health and smoke checks, including a version check.
- If checks fail, stop the release, capture the stack trace, and restore the known-good WAR or undeploy the failed context deliberately.
- Recheck the application after rollback and after a controlled service restart.
Tomcat’s automatic replacement behavior depends on the documented Host deployment settings; it should not be treated as an automatic rollback system. Keep rollback artifacts and an operator decision point outside Tomcat.
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