The most common fix for a blank Laravel page is to point your web server at the Laravel project’s public directory, not at the project directory itself. Laravel’s public/index.php is the front controller: every browser request must reach it so Laravel can load the framework and route the request.
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Set the site root to a path such as /srv/example.com/public, configure the server to send PHP requests to PHP-FPM (or the PHP handler used by Apache), reload the service, and then use the HTTP status and logs to identify any remaining runtime problem. Never move index.php into the project root; exposing that root can make .env, application source, and other private files publicly readable.
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What a blank Laravel page usually means
“Blank” can describe several different failures. A browser may show an entirely empty response, a generic 500 page, a page with no Laravel styling, or a request that never reaches the application. The document-root correction addresses the most basic deployment error: the server is looking in the wrong directory or bypassing Laravel’s front controller.
- Wrong root: the virtual host points to the project directory instead of
project/public. - Missing front-controller rewrite: a request such as
/users/42is not sent topublic/index.php. - PHP handoff failure: PHP-FPM is stopped, the configured socket is wrong, or the server is not passing
index.phpto PHP. - Application boot failure: Laravel throws a fatal error, cannot read configuration, or lacks a required PHP extension.
- Filesystem permissions: the web-server account cannot write to
storageorbootstrap/cache. - Hidden production errors: production settings suppress the detailed exception, leaving only a generic response.
Check the response status and logs rather than treating every empty page as the same bug. A 404, 403, 502, and 500 point to different layers of the stack.
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Why Laravel must be served from public
Laravel’s directory structure reserves public for files that may be served directly. It contains index.php, the entry point that configures autoloading and starts the application. Project code, environment settings, dependency metadata, and framework bootstrap files belong outside the web-accessible tree.
Serving the project root is not a harmless alternative. A web server may deliver files that were intended only for the operating system and the application, including .env credentials and source code. Laravel’s deployment guidance explicitly warns against moving index.php to the project root for this reason. Keep the existing directory layout and change the virtual host’s root instead.
Fast corrective sequence
- Locate the project. Find the directory containing your Laravel application and verify that it contains
public/index.php. - Set the web root. Change the virtual host, site, or hosting-panel document root to
<project>/public. - Configure the index file and rewrites. Nginx needs an
indexdirective and atry_filesfallback. Apache needs the rewrite rules inpublic/.htaccessto be allowed to run. - Connect PHP. Make sure
index.phpis sent to the active PHP-FPM pool or Apache PHP handler. The socket or service name must match the PHP version installed on the machine. - Validate and reload. Test the web-server configuration, correct syntax errors, and reload or restart the service.
- Re-test with a status code. Use the browser,
curl, or your hosting panel and note whether the result is 200, 404, 403, 500, or 502. - Read the right log. Check the web-server error log, PHP-FPM log, and
storage/logs/laravel.logfor the same request time.
Nginx: point root at Laravel’s public directory
A typical Nginx server block for a project in /srv/example.com looks like this:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /srv/example.com/public;
index index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}
}The important values are the root, index index.php, and the fallback to /index.php?$query_string. The fallback preserves query parameters while sending routes that are not real files or directories through Laravel. The SCRIPT_FILENAME value must resolve to the PHP file under the public root.
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The PHP-FPM socket shown is an example path, not a universal value. Distributions commonly place sockets in different directories and include the PHP version in the filename. Inspect the PHP-FPM service and pool configuration on the server, then use the socket or TCP endpoint that actually exists. A wrong endpoint usually produces a 502 or an entry in the Nginx error log rather than a Laravel-rendered page.
Apply and verify the Nginx change
- Save the server block containing the new public root.
- Run your distribution’s Nginx configuration test, commonly
nginx -t. - Fix every reported syntax or path error before reloading.
- Reload Nginx so existing connections are not unnecessarily terminated.
- Request both
/and a known application route. A route that is not a physical file tests thetry_filesfallback.
If the home page works but nested routes return 404, inspect the try_files line and confirm that the request is reaching index.php. If every PHP request returns 502, check PHP-FPM’s running state and the socket path. If Nginx serves a directory listing or downloads PHP source, stop immediately and correct the handler configuration; PHP source must never be sent as plain text.
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Apache: use DocumentRoot and allow the public rewrite rules
For Apache, set the virtual host’s DocumentRoot to the same public directory:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
DocumentRoot /srv/example.com/public
<Directory /srv/example.com/public>
AllowOverride All
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>Laravel’s public/.htaccess contains the front-controller rewrite rules. Apache must have its rewrite module available, and the virtual host must permit the relevant overrides; otherwise the file is ignored and only direct files may work. The exact module and service commands differ by operating system, so use the mechanism provided by your distribution or hosting panel.
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Test the Apache path
- Change
DocumentRootand the matchingDirectoryblock to<project>/public. - Confirm that the
public/.htaccessfile exists and is readable by Apache. - Enable the rewrite capability and the override setting required by your Apache installation.
- Validate the configuration before reloading Apache.
- Reload Apache, then request a route that is handled by Laravel rather than a static file.
A 403 after changing the root generally means Apache’s directory permissions or access rules do not grant access to the public directory. A page that loads at /index.php but not at a clean URL usually indicates that the rewrite rules are not being read.
Managed hosting and control panels
On a managed Laravel platform or a hosting control panel, look for a setting named document root, web root, public directory, or site root. Set it to the absolute path ending in /public. Do not upload a second copy of index.php into the account’s top-level directory to work around a panel limitation.
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Diagnose the result by status code and logs
| Observed result | Most likely layer | What to inspect next |
|---|---|---|
| 404 for every application route | Root or rewrite routing | Confirm the root ends in /public and that Nginx try_files or Apache rewrites send non-files to index.php. |
| 403 Forbidden | Web-server access rules or filesystem permissions | Check the public directory’s execute/read permissions and Apache’s Directory access rules. |
| 502 Bad Gateway | PHP-FPM connection | Verify that PHP-FPM is running and that the configured socket or TCP address exists and matches the installed PHP version. |
| 500 with a Laravel error page | Application boot or runtime | Read storage/logs/laravel.log, verify environment configuration, extensions, and writable directories. |
| Completely empty 200 response | Suppressed PHP output, an application response with no body, or an upstream failure hidden by the browser | Inspect the raw response with curl, then correlate web-server, PHP-FPM, and Laravel logs by timestamp. |
| PHP source displayed or downloaded | PHP handler missing or misrouted | Take the site offline until PHP execution is configured correctly; never leave source code exposed. |
Use a command such as curl -i https://example.com/ to see headers and the status code instead of relying on the browser’s blank rendering. Repeat with a known dynamic route. The combination of status, response headers, and timestamp makes it possible to tell whether the request reached Nginx or Apache, PHP, and Laravel.
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Check PHP-FPM and the installed Laravel runtime
After the root is correct, confirm that the PHP process serving the site is the one you expect. A PHP-FPM pool can be running for one version while the virtual host points to another version’s socket. Check the service state, pool configuration, and service log, then restart or reload PHP-FPM only after correcting the endpoint.
Laravel releases have different PHP minimums and extension requirements. The current Laravel 13.x documentation and older release documentation do not imply identical requirements, so match the PHP version and extensions to the Laravel version installed in this project. A missing extension or unsupported PHP version normally appears as a startup or application error in the logs, even when production output is blank.
Fix Laravel’s writable directories
Laravel needs the web-server user to write to storage and bootstrap/cache. These directories hold logs, compiled configuration, cached services, and other runtime data. If they are read-only, Laravel may fail during boot or while rendering an otherwise valid route.
- Identify the operating-system account used by Nginx, Apache, or the PHP-FPM pool.
- Grant that account the minimum required write access to
storageandbootstrap/cache; do not make the entire project world-writable. - Retest after clearing or rebuilding caches through the deployment process appropriate to your application.
- Read
storage/logs/laravel.logimmediately after the failed request to confirm whether permissions were the cause.
Permissions are separate from the document root. Making the root correct will not repair a cache directory that PHP cannot write, and making the whole project writable creates an avoidable security risk.
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Use debug output safely
Set APP_DEBUG=true only temporarily in a non-production environment when you need Laravel’s detailed exception page. Laravel warns that production debug output can expose configuration values and other sensitive information. After reproducing the error, restore APP_DEBUG=false, clear any configuration cache that captured the old value, and rely on protected logs for further diagnosis.
If changing the environment value appears to have no effect, the application may be using cached configuration. Rebuild the configuration cache through your normal deployment procedure and verify that the running PHP process can read the intended .env file. Never make .env downloadable as a way to check its contents.
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Laravel documents the /up health URI. When the application boots without throwing an exception, the endpoint returns HTTP 200; when boot fails, it returns HTTP 500. Request /up after changing the root and PHP handler:
curl -i https://example.com/upA 200 response confirms that the request reached Laravel and that the framework completed its boot sequence, although it does not prove that every application route or database query works. A 500 narrows the problem to application boot or its dependencies; use the Laravel log and the PHP error log to find the exception. If /up itself returns 404, the request is probably not reaching the Laravel front controller or the health route has been changed in this application.
Choose the right deployment model
| Choice | Document-root responsibility | PHP execution | Diagnostic control | Security boundary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nginx on a self-managed VPS | You set root to project/public and configure try_files. |
PHP-FPM through a Unix socket or TCP endpoint. | Direct access to Nginx, PHP-FPM, and Laravel logs. | Only the public directory is web-accessible when the server block is correct. |
| Apache on a self-managed server | You set DocumentRoot to project/public and permit the public rewrite rules. |
PHP-FPM/FastCGI or an Apache PHP handler, depending on the installation. | Direct access to Apache, PHP, and Laravel logs. | Apache’s directory and override rules must keep the project root outside the web tree. |
| Managed Laravel platform | The platform provides a web-root field; it must resolve to project/public. |
The platform selects and operates the PHP process manager. | Use the platform’s deployment, request, and application logs. | The platform should expose only the configured public directory; verify this rather than assuming it. |
The choice of Nginx, Apache, or a managed platform does not change Laravel’s security boundary. In every model, the publicly served directory is the project’s public folder.
Deployment checklist before declaring the fix complete
- Path: the configured root is an absolute path ending in
/public, and that directory containsindex.php. - Routing: static assets resolve directly, while an application URL is handed to the front controller.
- PHP: the configured PHP-FPM socket or handler is running and matches the site’s PHP version.
- Permissions: the web-server account can write to
storageandbootstrap/cachewithout making the project publicly writable. - Configuration: environment values are loaded from the intended project, and stale configuration cache has been rebuilt when necessary.
- Observability: you know where the web-server, PHP-FPM, and Laravel logs are located and can correlate them by time.
- Health:
/upreturns 200 when the application boots successfully. - Security: production debug is disabled, the project root is not directly served, and PHP source is never downloadable.
When changing the document root is not enough
If the site still fails after the public root, rewrites, PHP handler, and permissions are correct, stop changing server paths and follow the failure layer shown by the status code. A Laravel 500 requires application logs and dependency checks; a 502 requires PHP-FPM troubleshooting; a 403 requires access rules; and a 404 on every dynamic route requires front-controller routing. This separation prevents a valid Laravel application error from being hidden behind repeated web-server changes.
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