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What a custom Composer repository is
Composer treats a repository as a package source. The repository declarations belong to the application’s root composer.json; Composer does not use repository declarations embedded in an installed dependency. The root file is therefore the control point for adding a private registry, a company mirror, an unpublished Git package, or a local development package.
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Composer reads repository entries from top to bottom. When it finds a matching package, that source normally wins and Composer does not continue looking through later repositories for another copy. This makes the order of entries an important part of dependency behavior, especially when a private fork keeps the same package name as a public package.
The official repository documentation describes the available repository mechanisms and their precedence rules: Composer repositories. The schema reference for the JSON structure is at Composer’s schema documentation.
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Prerequisites on Ubuntu
- An Ubuntu host with PHP installed, including the PHP command-line interface.
- Composer installed using the current installation instructions appropriate to your Ubuntu release.
- A project directory containing the application’s root
composer.json. - Network access to the repository endpoint, or filesystem access when using
pathorartifact. - Credentials, SSH keys, or access tokens if the repository is private.
Open a terminal and verify the Composer executable before editing the project:
composer --versionIf that command is not found, finish the Composer installation first. The repository configuration described below is project configuration; installing Composer itself does not add a package source.
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Add a Composer-format repository URL
Use the composer repository type when the server publishes Composer metadata at a URL. A minimal root composer.json looks like this:
{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
}
],
"require": {
"vendor/package": "^1.0"
}
}The URL must point to a Composer-compatible registry whose metadata can describe the package. In the common layout, Composer requests a packages.json document from that endpoint and uses the package names, versions, distribution archives, and source information supplied there.
Replace vendor/package and ^1.0 with the package name and constraint published by your repository. Package names are not arbitrary labels: Composer must find the same name in the repository metadata or in the package’s own definition.
Install a package from a custom repository on Ubuntu
- Change to the project root. Use the directory that owns the application’s
composer.json, rather than a dependency directory insidevendor/. - Add the repository declaration. Edit the existing
repositoriesarray, or create it when the project has no repository entries. Keep the URL exactly as provided by the repository operator. - Put private repositories before public fallbacks when necessary. If the private source should supply a package that also exists publicly, place the private entry earlier in the array.
- Configure authentication without committing secrets. Use Composer’s authentication configuration or an environment-provided
COMPOSER_AUTHvalue. Do not put passwords, long-lived tokens, or private keys incomposer.json. - Validate the JSON and Composer schema. Run:
composer validate- Install a new dependency. From the same project directory, run:
composer require vendor/package- Update an existing dependency after changing its source or constraint. Target only that package when possible:
composer update vendor/package- Review the resulting files. Composer may change both
composer.jsonandcomposer.lock. Applications generally commit the lock file so another Ubuntu host or CI runner resolves the same versions under the project’s dependency policy.
Some Composer versions support repository-configuration commands in addition to manual editing. Check the command help for the Composer version installed on the host; manual JSON editing remains portable because the repository schema is defined in the project file.
Choose the repository type that matches your source
Do not choose a repository type based only on where the code is stored. Choose it based on how Composer can obtain package metadata and archives.
composer: a packages.json endpoint
Choose this type for a private registry, an internal mirror, or any server exposing Composer-format metadata. The entry contains a URL and Composer discovers packages through that endpoint. It is usually the cleanest option when several projects consume the same internal package index.
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"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
}
]Use HTTPS for the endpoint. If the registry requires HTTP Basic authentication or token authentication, supply those credentials through Composer’s auth mechanisms rather than adding them to this URL or committing them to source control.
vcs: a Git, Subversion, Mercurial, or Fossil repository
Use vcs when the package lives directly in a source-control repository and Composer should inspect its branches and tags. This is convenient for a small number of packages, a package under active development, or a package that has not been published to a registry.
"repositories": [
{
"type": "vcs",
"url": "[email protected]:team/package.git"
}
]The repository’s package metadata must identify the package name Composer is asked to install. Composer may inspect many tags and branches, so a VCS source can take longer to resolve than a prebuilt registry index when a project contains many packages or a long history.
For private VCS access, use an SSH key or a narrowly scoped access token managed by the Ubuntu user, CI secret store, or Composer authentication configuration. Confirm that the same identity is available to every machine that runs the install.
path: a local package directory
Use path when the package is in a directory on the same Ubuntu host, such as a sibling package in a monorepo or a library being developed alongside an application. Composer can symlink the package during development, allowing edits in the package directory to be seen by the application without repeatedly creating archives.
"repositories": [
{
"type": "path",
"url": "../packages/package"
}
]Use a path that is stable for the project’s directory layout. A relative path is resolved from the project context, so a path that works on one checkout may fail if another host places the application elsewhere. Treat path repositories as a development arrangement unless the deployment environment intentionally has the same directory available.
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Choose artifact when a local directory contains package archives rather than a source-control checkout. Each archive must contain a root composer.json so Composer can identify the package and version.
"repositories": [
{
"type": "artifact",
"url": "./artifacts"
}
]This can be useful for an air-gapped build process or a controlled handoff of release archives. Keep the archive directory consistent across hosts and define how new versions are added and old versions are removed; otherwise two Ubuntu machines may resolve different available versions.
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package: inline metadata
The package type lets you describe a package directly inside composer.json. It should be used sparingly because the project now owns the package metadata: every version, source URL, distribution URL, autoload rule, and dependency change must be maintained manually.
"repositories": [
{
"type": "package",
"package": {
"name": "vendor/package",
"version": "1.0.0",
"dist": {
"url": "https://packages.example.org/package-1.0.0.zip"
}
}
}
]Inline metadata is appropriate for a temporary or exceptional package source when you cannot operate a registry. It is a poor fit for a package that changes frequently or is consumed by many projects, because each consumer would need a separate metadata update.
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Authenticate to a private repository safely
Keep credentials separate from the project’s dependency declarations. Composer supports authentication configuration, and private registry documentation also describes environment-variable approaches. A project file should contain the repository URL and package constraints, not a reusable secret.
Composer authentication configuration
For an HTTP Basic endpoint, configure credentials in Composer’s auth store on the Ubuntu account that performs the install. The host portion in the example must match the repository host:
composer config --global --auth http-basic.packages.example.org USERNAME TOKENUse a scoped token instead of a personal password where the repository supports it. On a shared machine, verify who can read Composer’s configuration file and rotate the token when an account, runner, or contractor no longer needs access.
COMPOSER_AUTH for CI and ephemeral hosts
CI systems can inject authentication at runtime with COMPOSER_AUTH, then remove it when the job ends. A Basic-auth value can be represented as JSON:
export COMPOSER_AUTH='{
"http-basic": {
"packages.example.org": {
"username": "ci-user",
"password": "TOKEN_FROM_SECRET_STORE"
}
}
}'
composer installPrefer the CI platform’s secret variables rather than writing this value into a tracked shell script. Also prevent command and environment dumps from exposing the token in job logs.
SSH access for VCS repositories
A VCS repository reached over SSH relies on the Ubuntu user’s SSH configuration and key permissions. Install the key through the host or CI secret mechanism, verify the repository host key according to your organization’s policy, and avoid placing private key material in the project directory.
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Control precedence between private sources and Packagist
Repository order is a dependency decision, not cosmetic formatting. Composer searches entries from the first to the last and normally stops after finding a package. Put a private repository before a later public source when the private package should take precedence.
{
"repositories": [
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://packages.example.org"
},
{
"type": "composer",
"url": "https://repo.packagist.org"
}
]
}If the project should use a private mirror for all dependencies, Composer and Private Packagist documentation describe disabling the default packagist.org repository in composer.json. Make that choice deliberately: disabling the default source means packages absent from the private mirror will no longer be available through it.
After changing precedence, inspect the dependency resolution with a targeted update or a dry run supported by your Composer version. Check the selected source and version rather than assuming that an unchanged package name means the same publisher supplied it.
Build a self-hosted index with Satis
Satis is described by its project as a simple static Composer repository generator. It reads repository definitions and produces a static registry that can be hosted on ordinary web infrastructure. This approach gives your team control over where the generated metadata and archives are published, but your team must rebuild and publish the output whenever source package versions change.
Create and build Satis
The documented representative flow is:
composer create-project --keep-vcs --no-dev composer/satis:dev-main satis
php satis/bin/satis build satis.json public/The first command creates a Satis project directory. The second reads satis.json and writes the generated repository into public/. Host that output at an HTTPS URL, then use that URL as the composer repository entry in consuming projects.
Define the source repositories
Satis usage documentation at Using Satis shows the satis.json configuration and build command, including VCS and SSH-backed source definitions. Keep the source credentials available to the account running the build, not inside a publicly served output directory.
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- Trigger a Satis build when a source package receives a new tag or release.
- Publish the complete generated output atomically so clients do not fetch a half-written index.
- Protect the generated endpoint with the same authentication policy used by your consuming projects.
- Pin the Satis release and verify its current PHP requirements before standardizing the build, because those requirements are release-sensitive.
Use Private Packagist for managed hosting and mirroring
Private Packagist documents organization repository URLs, optional disabling of packagist.org, authentication, and mirroring of public dependencies in its setup documentation. It is a fit when a team wants hosted access control, a managed package index, and less maintenance than operating a Satis build and web endpoint.
The consuming project still uses a normal Composer repository declaration. The operational difference is where indexing, access control, and public-package mirroring are maintained. Decide whether your organization needs those managed features before adding a second repository service; a direct VCS entry can be simpler for one small internal package.
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Validate, install, and lock the result
Validate before resolving dependencies
Run composer validate after editing the file. Fix malformed JSON, invalid repository keys, and package metadata errors before troubleshooting authentication or network access. Validation catches configuration problems while the project file is still easy to inspect.
Install a new package
Use composer require vendor/package when the package is not yet in the project. Composer resolves the constraint using the repository order, writes the requirement to composer.json, and updates the lock file when resolution succeeds.
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When the package is already required, run composer update vendor/package after changing the repository URL, type, or constraint. Targeting the package reduces unrelated updates and makes it easier to verify that Composer used the intended source.
Install reproducibly on another Ubuntu host
Commit the root composer.json and, for applications, the resulting composer.lock according to the project’s dependency policy. Recreate the authentication configuration through the new host’s secret mechanism, then run the project’s normal install command. A lock file does not remove the need for repository access when the package is not already cached; the new host still needs network or filesystem access to the selected source.
Troubleshoot common installation failures
Composer cannot find the package
- Confirm that the package name in
composer requireexactly matches the name published by the repository. - Check that the repository entry is in the root project file and is inside the
repositoriesarray. - Verify that the endpoint is a Composer registry when the type is
composer; a generic web page or raw Git URL is not apackages.jsonindex. - For
vcs, confirm that the source repository contains package metadata and a branch or tag compatible with the requested constraint. - For
pathandartifact, check the resolved filesystem path and ensure every archive has a rootcomposer.json.
A public package is selected instead of the private copy
Inspect the order of the repository entries. Move the private source above the public source when the private package should win. If the private source intentionally mirrors all dependencies, review whether the default Packagist repository should be disabled rather than left as a fallback.
Authentication returns 401 or 403
- Check that the credential belongs to the repository host named in Composer’s auth configuration.
- Confirm that the token has permission to read package metadata and distribution archives, not merely to view a project page.
- For CI, verify that
COMPOSER_AUTHis present in the Composer process and is not being redacted into an empty value. - For SSH VCS access, test the key and host configuration as the same Ubuntu user that runs Composer.
Composer uses stale VCS information
When changing VCS drivers or repository URLs, clear Composer’s cache and update again:
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composer update vendor/packageThe official repository guide calls out cache refreshing for cases where old VCS metadata interferes with a changed source.
A path repository works locally but not in CI
Compare the directory layout on both machines. Relative paths depend on where the project checkout sits, and a CI runner may not have the sibling package directory at all. Publish the package to a Composer registry, use a VCS repository reachable by CI, or create an artifact archive for the build instead of relying on a developer-only path.
Satis output does not contain a new version
Rebuild Satis after the source package receives a new tag or metadata change, then republish the generated directory. A static index does not update itself when the upstream repository changes.
Compare hosting approaches
| Approach | Package source | Ownership and maintenance | Authentication and precedence | Best fit |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct VCS | Git, Subversion, Mercurial, or Fossil repository | Your team maintains source access; Composer inspects the repository directly | SSH keys or scoped tokens; place the VCS entry before competing sources | A small number of actively developed or unpublished packages |
| Satis | Generated static Composer index | You run the build, host the output, and rebuild when versions change | Protect the generated endpoint; repository order remains controlled by each consumer | Self-hosted infrastructure and a stable internal registry without a managed service |
| Private Packagist | Managed organization repository with optional public mirroring | Hosted access control and mirroring reduce index-maintenance work | Use its documented repository URL and authentication; choose whether to disable the public default | Teams needing centralized access, mirroring, and less repository operations |
| Local path | Directory on the same Ubuntu filesystem | Developer maintains the sibling checkout; Composer may symlink it | No network credential, but the path must exist on every machine using it | Monorepos and local package development |
| Local artifact | ZIP or TAR files containing package metadata | Your build or release process maintains the archive directory | Filesystem permissions replace registry authentication | Controlled or disconnected builds using prebuilt archives |
Security and operations checklist
- Use HTTPS for Composer registry endpoints.
- Keep tokens, Basic-auth passwords, and SSH private keys out of committed files.
- Prefer scoped, read-only credentials for package installation and rotate them when ownership changes.
- Review repository precedence whenever a private fork shares a package name with a public package.
- Pin package constraints intentionally; do not widen a constraint merely to make a failed resolution pass.
- Commit
composer.lockfor applications when reproducible deployments are required. - Rebuild and publish Satis output whenever source package versions change.
- Record the repository URL, package ownership, credential owner, and recovery process so another Ubuntu host or CI runner can reproduce the install.
- Test the configuration with the same Ubuntu account and Composer version used in deployment; permissions that work for an interactive user may fail for a service account.
Final verification
A custom repository is ready when the root project file validates, the intended source appears before any competing source, credentials are supplied externally, and a targeted install or update resolves the expected package. Confirm the resulting version and lock-file diff before deploying. If the source is VCS, verify that the checkout is reachable by the deployment identity; if it is Satis or another Composer endpoint, verify that the published metadata and archives are reachable from the Ubuntu host.
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