Graphite on Ubuntu is a three-part stack: Graphite-web supplies the dashboard and render API, Carbon receives and caches metrics, and Whisper stores them in fixed-size time-series files. For a small server, the practical installation is to use Ubuntu packages, configure Carbon’s retention rules before creating metrics, send a test line to port 2003, and verify the result through Graphite-web’s /render endpoint.
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Package availability is release-specific. Ubuntu’s package index lists graphite-carbon 1.1.7-1.1 for Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble) and graphite-web 1.1.8-1ubuntu0.22.04.1 for Ubuntu 22.04 (Jammy), with those pages crawled a few weeks before this article was prepared. Check your exact Ubuntu release and candidate versions before installing.
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What Graphite does and how the pieces fit
Graphite is self-hosted monitoring software for numeric time-series data. Applications or agents send a metric name, value, and timestamp to Carbon. Carbon keeps incoming values in memory, writes them to Whisper files, and makes them available to Graphite-web. Graphite-web renders charts or returns raw data through an HTTP API.
- Graphite-web: the web interface and the
/renderAPI. - Carbon: the receiver, cache, relay, and aggregation layer. A small deployment normally starts with one cache process.
- Whisper: fixed-size files containing the archives for each metric.
- Ceres: another Graphite component documented by the project, but not required for the basic Ubuntu package installation described here.
A metric is not an arbitrary database row. When Carbon first creates a metric’s .wsp file, Whisper applies one storage-schema rule and allocates archives from that rule. That design makes predictable disk use possible, but it also means retention must be chosen before the metric is first written.
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Choose packages or a source installation
Ubuntu packages: the maintainable default
APT is the simplest route on an Ubuntu server. It follows the distribution’s dependency and service conventions, receives ordinary system updates, and is easier to inventory later. The trade-off is that package versions and file locations depend on the Ubuntu release; do not assume that a guide written for Jammy applies unchanged to Noble or another release.
Source installation: layout and version control
The official source route installs Graphite-web, Carbon, Whisper, and, where used, Ceres from project source. Its documented default prefix is /opt/graphite/: Carbon configuration and storage live below that prefix, while Graphite-web code is in its web application directory. Source installation gives you control over the project version and layout, but you must handle Python dependencies, upgrades, service definitions, permissions, and web-server integration yourself.
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Check the Ubuntu release and package candidates
Before changing the server, identify the release and ask APT which versions are actually available:
cat /etc/os-release
sudo apt update
apt-cache policy graphite-carbon graphite-web python3-whisperUbuntu’s package pages show graphite-carbon for Noble and graphite-web for Jammy, but repositories, pockets, and package revisions can change. If APT reports no candidate, confirm the release’s enabled repositories and use the package name shown by that release rather than copying a version number from another Ubuntu edition.
Install Graphite with APT
- Refresh metadata. Run
sudo apt updateand resolve any repository or signature errors before continuing. - Install the stack. On releases that provide these packages, run:
sudo apt install graphite-carbon graphite-web python3-whisperpython3-whisper is listed as a dependency or related package in Ubuntu’s package information. APT may install additional Python, database, or web-server dependencies. Read the transaction summary and keep the package list in your server change record.
- Find the installed configuration files. Package layouts vary, so use the package database instead of guessing:
dpkg -L graphite-carbon | grep -E 'carbon.conf|storage-schemas.conf'
dpkg -L graphite-web | grep -E 'local_settings.py|manage.py|static'- Identify the service units. Use
systemctl list-unit-files | grep -Ei 'carbon|graphite'. The unit may be named for Carbon’s cache process or may be split into multiple units by the distribution package. Enable and start the unit that owns the cache receiver after its configuration is ready.
Do not expose Graphite-web publicly until you have set the correct storage path, created an administrator account if your deployment requires one, and placed the web application behind your chosen web server. A private interface or firewall rule is preferable for Carbon receivers that are only used by hosts on an internal network.
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Configure Carbon before sending any metrics
Locate carbon.conf and the cache section
Carbon’s main configuration is carbon.conf. In a package installation it is commonly under an operating-system configuration directory; in the source layout it is under /opt/graphite/conf/. Use the path returned by dpkg -L or the source installation’s documented layout.
The [cache] section controls receiver behavior. Confirm the interface and ports that the process should listen on, the destination for Whisper data, and the log and queue settings supplied by your package or source version. The normal Carbon plaintext receiver is TCP port 2003. Carbon also supports a pickle receiver; use the port shown in your carbon.conf rather than assuming a value from a different release.
Understand plaintext and pickle input
The plaintext protocol is the most straightforward protocol supported by Carbon. Each line contains three fields:
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metric_path value timestampFor example, test.bash.stats 42 1710000000 records the value 42 at the supplied Unix timestamp. A timestamp of -1 tells Carbon to use arrival time. Pickle input can batch metrics and is more efficient for larger senders, but plaintext is easier to inspect while troubleshooting.
Use a stable namespace
Choose names that describe ownership and location without changing from one deployment to the next. Graphite documentation uses a pattern such as servers.HOSTNAME.METRIC. You might use servers.game01.tick_rate, servers.game01.memory_used, or servers.game01.players_online. Keep names lowercase and consistent, and avoid putting a changing value such as a process ID into a path intended for long-term charts.
Set Whisper retention with storage-schemas.conf
Why the order of rules matters
Storage-schema rules use regular expressions and are evaluated from top to bottom. The first pattern that matches the metric name is used. Put specific application or host rules above a broad fallback rule. If a catch-all expression appears first, every later rule is unreachable for matching metrics.
Edit storage-schemas.conf before sending a new metric. A schema is consulted when Carbon creates that metric’s Whisper file; changing the text later does not automatically resize or rewrite existing .wsp files.
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A practical two-tier policy
The following is an example policy, not a universal default. It keeps one-minute points for six hours, five-minute points for seven days, and hourly points for one year. Adjust it to the questions your monitoring system must answer and the disk capacity you have:
[servers_recent]
pattern = ^servers..*
retentions = 1m:6h,5m:7d,1h:1y
[default]
pattern = .*
retentions = 5m:30d,1h:1yThe first line in retentions is the finest archive. Every archive has a fixed number of points, so increasing precision or history increases disk consumption. A short high-resolution tier is useful for recent incident investigation; a coarser tier answers long-term trend questions at much lower storage cost.
Changing an existing metric’s retention
Editing the schema affects new Whisper files, not files that already exist. To change an existing metric, plan a migration: preserve or export the old data, stop or isolate writers as appropriate, remove or move the old .wsp file only when you accept the data consequences, then allow Carbon to create it under the new matching rule. Test this procedure on a non-critical metric first.
Start Carbon and check its listener
- Validate the edited configuration using the validation or foreground mode documented by your installed Carbon package, if available.
- Restart or start the cache service identified with
systemctl list-unit-files. - Inspect recent service messages:
sudo systemctl status carbon-cache
sudo journalctl -u carbon-cache -n 100 --no-pagerIf your distribution uses a different unit name, substitute it for carbon-cache. A healthy process should bind the configured receiver interface and port without a permission, path, or schema parse error. Check the listening socket with a tool available on your system, such as ss -ltnp, and verify that port 2003 is reachable only from intended senders.
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Use netcat and the current timestamp
Install a netcat implementation if it is not already present, then send one line to the local Carbon receiver:
printf 'test.bash.stats 42 %sn' "$(date +%s)" | nc -w 2 127.0.0.1 2003The equivalent form shown in Graphite’s documentation is:
echo "test.bash.stats 42 `date +%s`" | nc graphite.example.com 2003Replace the host with the Carbon server’s address when the sender is remote. The newline is significant: Carbon processes the complete line after it arrives. Send a few values over several minutes if you want a visible line rather than a single point.
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Test a production-style name
Once the smoke test works, send a metric in the namespace you intend to retain:
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Configure Graphite-web and its storage paths
Point Graphite-web at the same Whisper directory
Graphite-web’s local settings define the Whisper directory, log directory, index file, and other deployment-specific values. The source layout places web code below /opt/graphite/webapp/; package installations can use distribution-specific locations. Open the local_settings.py found through the package database and make sure WHISPER_DIR points to the directory where Carbon writes the .wsp files.
A mismatch produces a particularly confusing failure: Carbon appears healthy and creates files, but the web interface shows no metrics because it is searching another directory. The same user or group must have the access required to read Whisper data, write logs, and update the index where your configuration expects one.
Collect static files
Graphite-web’s administration instructions include a static-file collection step. In a source installation, run the project’s management command from the web application directory, using the web application’s Python environment and the account that owns the deployment:
cd /opt/graphite/webapp
python manage.py collectstatic --noinputThe exact command or interpreter can differ for a packaged installation. Use the manage.py and static directory supplied by that installation, then configure the selected web server to serve the generated static directory.
Expose the application through a web server
Ubuntu Apache deployments commonly place a virtual-host definition in /etc/apache2/sites-available/ and enable it through /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/. Whether you use Apache or another WSGI-capable server, connect it to the Graphite-web application, serve the collected static files, and reload the server only after its configuration passes validation. Keep the Graphite endpoint behind authentication, a private network, or a reverse proxy policy appropriate to your environment.
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Verify data through the /render API
Graphite-web provides a /render endpoint for generating graphs and retrieving raw data. A target names a metric or wildcard expression; from and until select the time range. Ask for JSON while testing:
curl -G 'http://127.0.0.1/render'
--data-urlencode 'target=test.bash.stats'
--data-urlencode 'from=-10minutes'
--data-urlencode 'format=json'A successful response contains the target and a series of timestamped values. You can request an image instead by omitting the raw format or selecting the image format used by your Graphite-web version. For a browser check, open the same endpoint through the web server’s address and confirm that the chart contains the point you sent.
Diagnose an empty graph
| Symptom | Likely cause | What to check |
|---|---|---|
| Connection refused on port 2003 | Carbon is stopped, listening on another interface, or blocked by a firewall. | Inspect the Carbon unit status and journal, then compare its configured receiver interface and port with ss -ltnp. |
| The sender returns but no file appears | The line was malformed, the newline was missing, or Carbon cannot write its storage directory. | Send the three-field format exactly, inspect Carbon logs, and check ownership and permissions on the Whisper path. |
A .wsp file exists but the API is empty |
Graphite-web is reading a different directory or the requested time range excludes the timestamp. | Compare WHISPER_DIR with Carbon’s storage path and query a window that includes the supplied Unix timestamp. |
| New data has an unexpected resolution | An earlier regular expression matched first. | Read storage-schemas.conf from the top down and move the specific rule above the fallback. |
| Old data did not gain the new retention | Whisper archives are fixed when the file is created. | Plan a deliberate file migration; changing the schema text alone is not retroactive. |
| Page loads without styling | Static files were not collected or the web server is serving the wrong directory. | Run the installation’s collectstatic step and check the enabled site configuration and static-file path. |
Permissions, disk use, and basic operations
Make the writer and reader agree
Carbon needs write access to Whisper data, its queues, and its logs. Graphite-web needs read access to the Whisper directory and write access to the log or index locations specified in its local settings. Determine the service accounts used by your package or WSGI server, then assign ownership or group permissions deliberately rather than making the entire tree world-writable.
Watch storage growth
Whisper’s fixed archives make growth predictable from the retention policy and the number of metric files. Inventory the number of active metric paths, estimate the archive sizes for each schema, and leave headroom for operating-system and log files. A policy that keeps seconds-level data for every host indefinitely can exhaust a small VPS even when the individual files look modest.
Back up what matters
Back up carbon.conf, storage-schemas.conf, Graphite-web’s local settings, web-server configuration, and the Whisper directory according to the value of the historical data. Preserve the schema file with the backup: it explains why a newly created metric has the archives it does, while existing files retain their original layout.
When one Carbon process is no longer enough
A single Carbon cache can serve a small server. As senders and metric volume grow, Carbon documentation describes relay and aggregator daemons. A relay distributes incoming paths to other Carbon instances; an aggregator can pre-compute values before storage. Introduce those processes only after measuring queue depth, write latency, CPU, memory, and disk throughput, and keep the same namespace and schema conventions across the receiving nodes.
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Plaintext remains useful for a human smoke test. Larger senders should consider pickle delivery for batched metrics, using the receiver port and security controls configured on your server. Do not expose either receiver to untrusted networks merely because a port is convenient.
A repeatable installation checklist
- Record the Ubuntu release and inspect APT candidates for
graphite-carbon,graphite-web, andpython3-whisper. - Install packages or document the source version and
/opt/graphite/layout. - Locate
carbon.conf, set the receiver and storage paths, and identify the actual service unit. - Edit
storage-schemas.confbefore creating metrics; put specific patterns before the fallback. - Start Carbon and confirm the configured listener, especially plaintext port 2003.
- Send
test.bash.statswith a current Unix timestamp and verify that a Whisper file is created. - Set Graphite-web’s
WHISPER_DIRto the same directory, set permissions, and collect static files. - Expose Graphite-web through the selected web server and test
/renderwith JSON. - Check logs, permissions, disk capacity, and schema matching before adding production senders.
Package versus source: the decision
Choose Ubuntu packages when ordinary upgrades, distribution integration, and a small operational burden matter most. Choose source when you need a particular Graphite version, the documented /opt/graphite/ layout, or control over components not delivered by your Ubuntu release. In either case, the reliable workflow is the same: establish the paths, define retention first, verify Carbon independently, then verify Graphite-web against the exact storage directory.
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