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The reliable sequence is: establish a trusted boundary in Varnish, configure Apache with RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For and a narrow RemoteIPTrustedProxy list, then verify both the rewritten address and the original header in logs. Without the trust restriction, a visitor can forge the header and make Apache attribute a request to any address.
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What the request path should look like
In a typical deployment, the browser connects to Varnish and Varnish connects to Apache:
Visitor → Varnish → ApacheApache’s TCP peer is Varnish, so a normal access log initially records the Varnish address. The visitor’s address is carried separately in X-Forwarded-For. When Varnish receives a direct TCP connection from the visitor, client.ip is that connection peer. If another proxy terminates TLS or sends the PROXY protocol before Varnish, Varnish can instead populate client.ip from the original-client information supplied by that upstream hop.
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The header is not inherently trustworthy. Every proxy that can write it must be under your control, and Apache must know which addresses are allowed to make the preceding address in the chain authoritative. Treat the header as ordinary client input until it has crossed that trust boundary.
How Varnish forwards the address
Built-in forwarding for ordinary HTTP
Current Varnish automatically appends the value of client.ip to the X-Forwarded-For request header sent to a backend. If an incoming request has no header, the resulting value contains the connection address. If a trusted upstream has already supplied a chain, Varnish adds its own peer address to that chain.
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This built-in behavior means you should not add a second manual append such as:
set req.http.X-Forwarded-For = req.http.X-Forwarded-For + ", " + client.ip;Adding that operation in addition to Varnish’s normal handling can duplicate an address. Inspect the header that actually reaches Apache rather than assuming a hand-written append is required.
Resetting an untrusted incoming header
At the first proxy you control, you may want to discard values supplied by the visitor and start a new chain. Use the overwrite only at that trusted boundary:
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vcl 4.1;sub vcl_recv {
# Remove any client-supplied chain at the first trusted proxy.
set req.http.X-Forwarded-For = client.ip;
}The example deliberately replaces the incoming value; it does not trust a browser-supplied address. Keep Varnish’s built-in forwarding behavior and do not add another manual append block. After deploying, capture the backend request or log the header at Apache to confirm that the resulting chain has the entries you expect for your Varnish version and VCL flow.
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If a load balancer or TLS terminator connects to Varnish using the PROXY protocol, configure the Varnish listener and the upstream device for the same protocol. Varnish can then set client.ip from the original-client metadata rather than from the load balancer’s socket address. The protocol must be enabled consistently on both ends; sending PROXY data to a listener that expects plain HTTP, or omitting it when the listener requires it, prevents a valid HTTP request from being parsed.
Configure Apache to use the forwarded address
1. Load mod_remoteip
Enable Apache’s mod_remoteip using the module-loading mechanism provided by your operating-system distribution. Do not assume that installing Apache also enabled this module. Confirm it is loaded before testing the address rewrite.
2. Select the forwarding header
Add the following directives in the server or virtual-host configuration that receives traffic from Varnish:
RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For
RemoteIPTrustedProxy 192.0.2.10192.0.2.10 is documentation-only example space. Replace it with the actual source address Apache sees for Varnish. If Varnish connects from more than one stable address, add each trusted address as appropriate. For a maintained set of addresses, use Apache’s RemoteIPTrustedProxyList directive and point it at a file containing the Varnish addresses or trusted subnets.
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The critical control is RemoteIPTrustedProxy (or its list form). It tells Apache which immediate peers are allowed to advertise a different client address. Keep this set narrow and update it whenever Varnish’s egress addresses change. Do not authorize an entire broad network merely because it is convenient.
3. Understand Apache’s chain processing
Apache processes a comma-delimited X-Forwarded-For chain from right to left. It starts with the address of the connecting peer, checks whether that peer is trusted, and then evaluates the forwarded entries. Processing stops at the first address that is not trusted to present the address before it. This prevents an arbitrary leftmost value from automatically becoming the client address.
For example, a chain might contain several proxy hops followed by a visitor address. Apache’s effective address is the first untrusted hop encountered while walking from the Varnish side toward the left. The exact result depends on which proxy addresses you have placed in the trusted set; it is not determined simply by choosing the leftmost value.
Log both the effective address and the raw chain
During rollout, retain evidence of what Apache received and what mod_remoteip selected. Apache’s %a log token records the effective remote address after the module has rewritten it. The request-header expression %{X-Forwarded-For}i records the raw header, which can contain multiple addresses.
A temporary combined log format can include both fields:
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LogFormat "%h %l %u %t "%r" %>s %b effective=%a xff="%{X-Forwarded-For}i"" forwarded
CustomLog logs/forwarded_access.log forwardedUse the format supported by your Apache version and distribution. Keep the raw-header field for diagnosis, not as a substitute for the effective address in application authorization decisions. Once the path is proven, decide whether retaining the raw chain is appropriate for your privacy and logging policies.
Verification procedure
Test the complete path instead of checking only one configuration file. Run the following checks in order.
- Confirm the Varnish source as seen by Apache. Inspect the TCP peer in the Apache connection details or an initial log line. Use that address in
RemoteIPTrustedProxy; the example address in documentation is not a production value. - Capture the backend request. Use a request capture on the Varnish-to-Apache interface, or temporarily expose the header in a controlled Apache log. Verify that
X-Forwarded-Foris present and that Varnish’s own address appears where your topology predicts. - Verify the module rewrite. Send a request from a known test client and confirm that the application and Apache’s
%afield see that client address rather than the Varnish peer. - Compare both log fields. Check the effective
%avalue against%{X-Forwarded-For}i. A mismatch can be correct when Apache stops at an untrusted hop; investigate the trust list and hop order before changing it. - Test header forgery. Send a request from an untrusted client with a deliberately false
X-Forwarded-Forvalue. At the first trusted Varnish boundary, verify that the supplied chain is replaced when your policy requires it. Apache must not accept the forged value as the client address. - Test every ingress path. Exercise direct Varnish traffic, each load-balancer path, IPv4 and IPv6 where enabled, and any health-check or administrative listener that can reach Apache. Each path needs an intentional trust decision.
- Retest after restarts and address changes. Reload Varnish and Apache in a maintenance window, then repeat the known-client and forged-header tests. A stale trusted-proxy list can silently change the meaning of the address.
HTTP forwarding versus PROXY protocol
These mechanisms solve related but different parts of the problem. X-Forwarded-For is an HTTP header that travels inside the request. PROXY protocol is connection metadata exchanged before the HTTP request, allowing Varnish to learn the original address from an upstream proxy.
| Aspect | HTTP X-Forwarded-For |
PROXY protocol to Varnish |
|---|---|---|
| Where the original address comes from | The header assembled by the proxy chain; Varnish contributes its client.ip. |
Original-client metadata supplied by the upstream load balancer or TLS terminator. |
| Transport requirement | Works over an ordinary HTTP connection between Varnish and Apache. | Both ends of the upstream connection must be configured for the PROXY protocol. |
| Boundary that must be trusted | The first controlled proxy should remove or replace client-supplied values when necessary; Apache trusts only Varnish addresses. | Varnish must trust the sender of the PROXY metadata, and Apache still trusts only the Varnish hop for the HTTP header. |
| Maintenance focus | Keep Apache’s trusted Varnish addresses and any upstream header policy current. | Keep the PROXY listener settings, upstream source addresses, and Apache’s Varnish trust list synchronized. |
PROXY protocol does not remove the need for Apache’s mod_remoteip configuration. It supplies the value that Varnish uses as client.ip; Varnish still forwards that identity to Apache through the configured HTTP path.
Security rules for forwarded addresses
Trust the hop, not the claim
An X-Forwarded-For value is authoritative only when every hop that can write it is trusted. A client can set the header arbitrarily when connecting directly to a proxy that merely passes it through. Reset the header at the first boundary you control if the incoming chain is not authenticated or otherwise trusted.
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Keep the Apache allow-list narrow
List only the Varnish addresses or subnets that actually connect to Apache. Review the list when you add a node, change a network interface, move between address families, or introduce another proxy tier. A broad trust range allows an unintended host to impersonate a proxy.
Do not use the leftmost value blindly
Attackers commonly place a plausible address at the left edge of a forged chain. Apache’s right-to-left processing is designed to stop at the first untrusted hop, so preserve that behavior by configuring the trusted set accurately rather than extracting the first comma-separated value in application code.
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Use the rewritten address for rate limits, audit context, and application logs only after the proxy path is controlled. If the same server is reachable both through Varnish and directly, configure the direct path separately; otherwise a request that bypasses the trusted boundary can be interpreted differently from one arriving through Varnish.
Troubleshooting by symptom
Apache still logs the Varnish address
- Check that
mod_remoteipis loaded and that Apache accepted the configuration reload. - Verify the directive spelling and that
RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-Foris in the active virtual host or server context. - Confirm that the address Apache sees for Varnish exactly matches a
RemoteIPTrustedProxyentry, including IPv4 versus IPv6. - Inspect the raw header. If it is absent, the problem is between Varnish and Apache rather than in the rewrite module.
The application sees an unexpected intermediate address
- Read the complete comma-delimited chain, not only its first value.
- Walk the chain from right to left and compare each hop with Apache’s trusted list.
- Remove stale or over-broad trust entries, then retest with a known client.
The address appears twice
- Search the VCL for a manual append of
client.ip. - Remove the extra append if Varnish’s built-in forwarding already adds the value.
- If you overwrite the header at the trusted boundary, capture the final backend request after the VCL and built-in processing have run; do not infer the result from the assignment alone.
Requests fail after enabling PROXY protocol
- Ensure the upstream sender and Varnish listener agree on whether PROXY protocol is enabled.
- Do not send PROXY metadata to a plain-HTTP listener.
- Check that the listener receiving the connection is the one configured for the protocol and that the upstream device is actually sending the original-client record.
Forged values still reach the application
- Find the first proxy that accepts traffic from an untrusted client and reset the header there.
- Check for alternate routes that bypass that proxy and connect directly to Apache or to a less-restricted Varnish listener.
- Verify the test with both the raw header and the effective
%afield; a raw forged value may remain visible for diagnostics while Apache correctly refuses to use it.
Deployment checklist
- Map every hop from the client to Varnish and from Varnish to Apache.
- Decide whether an upstream proxy’s address is supplied through ordinary HTTP headers or PROXY protocol.
- At the first trusted boundary, replace an untrusted incoming
X-Forwarded-Forchain when your policy requires it. - Leave Varnish’s automatic append behavior in place and avoid a second manual append.
- Enable Apache’s
mod_remoteip. - Set
RemoteIPHeader X-Forwarded-For. - Allow only the actual Varnish source addresses with
RemoteIPTrustedProxyorRemoteIPTrustedProxyList. - Temporarily log both
%aand%{X-Forwarded-For}i. - Test a known client, a forged header, each ingress path, and any PROXY-protocol listener.
- Document who owns updates when Varnish addresses or upstream proxy settings change.
Operational guidance
Forwarded-IP configuration is part of the network trust model, not merely a logging preference. Keep a small topology diagram with the Varnish egress addresses, Apache listeners, and any upstream load balancer. When infrastructure changes, update the diagram and the Apache trust list together.
Keep diagnostic logging long enough to establish that the effective address, raw chain, and application-visible value agree. Then reduce exposure of raw headers according to your retention policy. The effective address is the value Apache selected after applying trust rules; the raw chain is evidence for troubleshooting and may contain information from multiple networks.
If you cannot make the proxy chain stable or maintain its addresses, have the team operating the managed proxy provide the exact source ranges and header or PROXY-protocol behavior. Apache still needs an explicit, reviewable trust boundary even when another party operates Varnish.
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