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How to Self-Host daloRADIUS and FreeRADIUS on Ubuntu

A release-aware guide to running daloRADIUS and FreeRADIUS on Ubuntu, including MariaDB setup, schema-import order, SQL module configuration, Apache deployment, debug testing, and recovery steps.
Length12 min Posted Quest giverVGSources Team
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Self-hosting daloRADIUS on Ubuntu means running two layers that use one SQL database: FreeRADIUS performs RADIUS authentication, authorization, and accounting, while daloRADIUS provides the PHP web interface for managing users, reports, billing, and hotspot or ISP services. Install and validate FreeRADIUS first, load its base schema, then add daloRADIUS and its schema on top.

The procedure below follows the documented Debian-family layout and adapts it for Ubuntu. Ubuntu is listed by the FreeRADIUS project as a supported operating-system family, but the daloRADIUS compatibility matrix is Debian-focused. Treat package names and configuration paths as release-dependent, verify them on your Ubuntu version, and test the complete stack in a non-production window before exposing it to users.

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Understand the stack before installing it

FreeRADIUS is the network service

FreeRADIUS is the daemon that speaks the RADIUS protocol to access points, VPN gateways, switches, NAS devices, and other RADIUS clients. It evaluates credentials and policies, returns authorization attributes, and records accounting data. The daemon can use flat files for a minimal installation, but this guide uses its SQL module so the same database can be administered through daloRADIUS.

daloRADIUS is the management layer

daloRADIUS is an advanced PHP web application for hotspot and general-purpose ISP deployments. It adds user and group management, graphical reporting, accounting views, a billing engine, and OpenStreetMap integration. It does not replace FreeRADIUS: it writes and reads the FreeRADIUS data in MariaDB, while FreeRADIUS remains the process that answers live authentication requests.

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One database, two consumers

MariaDB stores the RADIUS tables and daloRADIUS’s additional tables. FreeRADIUS connects through its SQL module; daloRADIUS connects through its PHP database settings. The database host, database name, username, and password must agree in both configurations. A mismatch can leave the web interface apparently healthy while every authentication fails, or make the web interface show an empty user list even though FreeRADIUS is working.

Check Ubuntu compatibility and choose a deployment shape

The official daloRADIUS installation guide assumes a dedicated Debian-family instance with root access. Its tested matrix lists MariaDB 10.5, 10.11, or 11.8; FreeRADIUS 3.0.x or 3.2.x; Apache 2.4.x; and PHP 7.4.x, 8.2.x, or 8.4.x on Debian 11, 12, and 13 respectively. These are Debian test notes, not a promise that every Ubuntu release ships the same combinations. FreeRADIUS lists Ubuntu among supported operating systems while noting that it cannot test every version on every platform.

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Before changing a server, record the Ubuntu release, enabled repositories, and package versions. Use the release’s native packages where possible, then compare the installed file layout with the paths below. If a path differs, use the path supplied by your package rather than copying a Debian path blindly.

Deployment choice Advantages Trade-offs Best fit
Ubuntu packages Integrate with systemd, distribution updates, and standard configuration locations. Versions are controlled by the Ubuntu release and may lag upstream. A maintainable single Ubuntu host or a conventional production service.
Source builds Fine control over FreeRADIUS and module versions. You own upgrades, service integration, and compatibility testing. Teams that need a specific upstream version and can maintain it.
Containers Isolate the web, RADIUS, and database components and pin images. Networking, persistent volumes, secrets, and host firewalling need deliberate design. Repeatable environments or separated services after the supplied Compose files have been reviewed.
Single host Lowest operational complexity and simple local database connections. One failure domain and fewer isolation boundaries. Small deployments and initial testing.
Separate database, web, and RADIUS hosts Isolation, independent scaling, and smaller blast radius. More firewall rules, latency, backups, and operational work. Larger installations or teams with established infrastructure.

Prepare the Ubuntu host

Confirm access and basic assumptions

  • Use a dedicated Ubuntu-capable server, virtual machine, or other host with administrative access. The documented guide assumes root access; use sudo consistently if you administer through an unprivileged account.
  • Assign a stable hostname and address. RADIUS clients must be able to reach UDP ports 1812 (authentication) and 1813 (accounting) on the FreeRADIUS host, subject to your network design.
  • Plan backups for the MariaDB database, FreeRADIUS configuration, daloRADIUS configuration, and TLS material before production use.
  • Choose a DNS name for each Apache interface if operators and end users will use separate virtual hosts.

Update the operating system

  1. Refresh package metadata and apply current Ubuntu updates:
    sudo apt update
    sudo apt full-upgrade -y
  2. Reboot if the kernel or another core service was updated, then reconnect and verify the release with lsb_release -a or cat /etc/os-release.

Install and secure MariaDB

Install the server and client tools

sudo apt install mariadb-server mariadb-client -y

Enable and start the service if Ubuntu did not do so automatically:

sudo systemctl enable --now mariadb

Run the security setup

Run Ubuntu’s hardening wizard and remove anonymous accounts and test artifacts. The exact prompts vary by MariaDB version:

sudo mariadb-secure-installation

Do not reuse an operating-system password for the RADIUS database account. Store the final secret in a password manager or deployment secret store.

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Create a dedicated database and account

Open the local administrative client:

sudo mariadb

Create a database and account dedicated to this installation. The names below are examples; change them for your environment and use a long, unique password.

CREATE DATABASE radius CHARACTER SET utf8mb4 COLLATE utf8mb4_unicode_ci;
CREATE USER 'radiusapp'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'use-a-unique-secret-here';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON radius.* TO 'radiusapp'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
EXIT;

If FreeRADIUS or daloRADIUS will connect from another host, create a narrowly scoped account for that source address instead of using a wildcard host, and permit only the required database traffic through the firewall.

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Install FreeRADIUS and its SQL driver

Install the Ubuntu packages

sudo apt install freeradius freeradius-mysql freeradius-utils -y

The package names above are the documented Debian-family names and are normally available in Ubuntu repositories. If your selected Ubuntu release uses a split or renamed package, install the equivalent package that supplies the FreeRADIUS daemon, MariaDB/MySQL SQL driver, and client utilities.

Find the versioned configuration tree

The guide uses the FreeRADIUS 3.x layout under /etc/freeradius/3.0/. Confirm that directory exists:

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ls -la /etc/freeradius/3.0

If the Ubuntu package places files elsewhere, substitute that package’s directory in every subsequent command. Do not mix files from two major FreeRADIUS versions.

Import the database schemas in the required order

Schema order is not optional. FreeRADIUS tables must exist before daloRADIUS adds its own tables, migrations, and indexes.

  1. FreeRADIUS base schema: import the MySQL schema shipped by the installed package. The documented path is /etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-config/sql/main/mysql/schema.sql. For example:
    sudo mariadb radius < /etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-config/sql/main/mysql/schema.sql

    If your package stores the schema elsewhere, locate the version-matched schema.sql before importing.

  2. daloRADIUS base schema: from the daloRADIUS checkout, import its primary schema file into the same radius database.
  3. Every daloRADIUS migration: import all migration files supplied by the installed daloRADIUS version in alphabetical order. Alphabetical order matters because later migrations can depend on earlier table or column changes. Keep a written record of the filenames and execution time.
  4. Performance indexes: import the daloRADIUS performance-index script last, after the base schema and every migration.

Run each daloRADIUS import as the dedicated database account or as a MariaDB administrator, depending on your organization’s change-control policy. Afterward, inspect the database and confirm that both the FreeRADIUS tables and daloRADIUS tables are present:

mariadb -u radiusapp -p radius -e "SHOW TABLES;"

Do not rerun a migration blindly on a live database. Record which scripts have already succeeded and take a backup before any upgrade.

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Configure FreeRADIUS to use MariaDB

Edit the SQL module

Open the packaged SQL module under /etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-available/sql. Set the MySQL-compatible dialect and driver specified by the package template, then set the connection values: database host, port, database name, username, and password. For a local MariaDB service, the host is commonly localhost or 127.0.0.1; use the value that matches your MariaDB account’s host restriction.

Keep the credentials identical to the account created earlier. Avoid embedding a privileged MariaDB account in this file. Restrict the file’s permissions so ordinary users cannot read the password.

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Enable the module

FreeRADIUS 3.x normally enables modules through a symlink in mods-enabled. Check whether SQL is already enabled:

ls -l /etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-enabled/sql

If it is absent, create the package-standard link:

sudo ln -s ../mods-available/sql /etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-enabled/sql

If the link already exists, edit the target rather than creating a second link. Ensure the SQL module is called in the authorize, accounting, and relevant session sections of the virtual server configuration when your policy requires database-backed authorization and accounting.

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Check the configuration before starting the service

sudo freeradius -XC

Some Ubuntu packages provide the same daemon as radiusd; use whichever command exists. Configuration-check mode should identify syntax errors, missing modules, and unreadable certificates without opening the listening sockets.

Install Apache, PHP, and daloRADIUS

Install the web stack and supporting tools

sudo apt install apache2 php php-mysql git rsyslog -y

Install the PHP extensions required by the daloRADIUS release you downloaded. The exact extension list can change with PHP and daloRADIUS versions; at minimum, the PHP MySQL driver is required for the MariaDB connection. Add any image, XML, multibyte-string, archive, or other extensions reported as missing by the application’s installation checks rather than assuming a Debian package list applies unchanged to every Ubuntu release.

Keep rsyslog available if your logging design or the guide’s examples rely on it. Confirm that Apache and PHP are running before copying application files:

sudo systemctl enable --now apache2
php -v
apache2ctl -M | grep -E 'php|rewrite'

Obtain the application under the web root

Place the daloRADIUS checkout under /var/www, using a version tag or commit that you have recorded. For example:

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cd /var/www
sudo git clone <the-daloradius-repository-url> daloradius

Use the project’s official repository URL for your chosen release; do not paste an unverified fork into production. If you deploy from an archive instead, preserve the release’s directory structure.

Create writable directories deliberately

The installation guide calls for application log and variable directories. Create only the directories required by your checked-out release, then assign ownership to the Apache web user used by Ubuntu (commonly www-data):

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sudo mkdir -p /var/www/daloradius
sudo chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/daloradius

Do not make the entire web root world-writable. If the application documents narrower writable paths, apply ownership only to those paths and keep PHP source files read-only for the web user where practical.

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Set daloRADIUS database settings

Locate daloradius.conf.php in the installed tree and set its database host, port, name, username, and password to the same values used by FreeRADIUS. The file location can vary by release, so find the copy shipped with your checkout rather than creating a second configuration file. Protect it from direct web download and restrict its filesystem permissions.

Configure Apache interfaces

Create Apache virtual hosts for the operators and users interfaces as described by your daloRADIUS release. Use separate DNS names or paths, set the correct document roots, and enable the modules required by the shipped configuration. Before reload, test syntax:

sudo apache2ctl configtest
sudo systemctl reload apache2

Use HTTPS for credentials and administrative sessions. Apply normal server hardening: disable directory listings, remove unused default virtual hosts, restrict operator access by network or an additional authentication layer, and place the database and configuration files outside any publicly served directory.

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Bring the service up in a controlled verification sequence

Start with foreground debug mode

FreeRADIUS documentation’s core troubleshooting instruction is: “Always use radiusd -X when debugging!” Stop the background service first, then run the packaged foreground command:

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sudo systemctl stop freeradius
sudo freeradius -X

If your package exposes radiusd instead, run sudo radiusd -X. Keep this terminal open. The output shows module loading, SQL connection attempts, client definitions, authentication decisions, and certificate or EAP failures. Press Ctrl+C only after collecting the relevant error, then restart the service with sudo systemctl start freeradius.

Add a deliberately simple authorization test

Before testing complex EAP, VLAN, accounting, or billing rules, prove that the daemon can authorize one known user from a flat file. In the v3 configuration, the packaged files authorization module commonly reads /etc/freeradius/3.0/mods-config/files/authorize. Add a temporary entry such as:

testuser Cleartext-Password := "choose-a-temporary-test-password"

Use a temporary secret, test from a controlled client, and remove the entry after SQL-backed authorization works. This isolates daemon and client problems from database policy problems.

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Define a real RADIUS client

Add the access point, VPN gateway, switch, or other NAS to the package’s client definition file, commonly /etc/freeradius/3.0/clients.conf. Enter its source address and a unique shared secret. The client address must match the packets arriving at the server, and the secret must match on both devices. Reload or restart FreeRADIUS after validating the configuration.

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Send a known test request

From the server or an approved test host, use the radtest utility from freeradius-utils with the test username, password, server address, and client shared secret. Watch the foreground debug output while the request is sent. A successful test should show the request being accepted and the expected authorization attributes. Do not treat a successful web login as proof that a network RADIUS client can authenticate; both paths must be tested.

Troubleshoot by symptom

The daemon exits immediately

  • Run freeradius -XC to catch syntax and module errors without starting listeners.
  • Run freeradius -X and read the first fatal error, not only the final shutdown line.
  • Check that every enabled module path belongs to the installed FreeRADIUS major version and that certificates and private keys are readable by the service account.
  • Verify that another process is not already using UDP ports 1812 or 1813.

SQL connection or “unknown table” errors appear

  • Compare the SQL module and daloradius.conf.php values character by character: host, port, database, username, and password.
  • Test the account directly with mariadb -u radiusapp -p -h database-host radius.
  • Confirm that the FreeRADIUS schema was imported before the daloRADIUS schema and that every migration ran in alphabetical order.
  • Check MariaDB grants and the account’s allowed source host when the database is on another server.

Authentication is rejected even though the web interface shows the user

  • Use foreground debug output to see whether the SQL module is called and whether it returns rows.
  • Confirm that the active virtual server invokes SQL in its authorization section.
  • Check the stored password attribute and authentication method. A user record alone does not guarantee that the selected EAP method can use it.
  • Temporarily test the flat-file user to separate policy, client, and SQL problems.

Apache returns a blank page or HTTP 500

  • Inspect Apache’s error log and PHP’s configured error log while loading the page.
  • Verify that the required PHP extensions for your daloRADIUS version are installed and enabled.
  • Check ownership and permissions on the application’s log and variable directories.
  • Confirm that daloradius.conf.php is readable by PHP but is not downloadable as source code.

EAP or certificate authentication fails

Do not debug EAP and SQL simultaneously. First obtain a successful simple PAP-style test, then inspect the EAP section in foreground debug mode. Certificate chain errors, expired certificates, incorrect private-key permissions, and client/server method mismatches are separate from database connectivity.

Accounting records do not appear

Confirm that the NAS sends accounting packets to UDP 1813, that the client definition permits that source, and that the accounting sections call SQL. The debug terminal will show whether packets arrive and whether inserts fail.

Secure and operate the installation

  • Protect secrets: use unique MariaDB credentials, restrict configuration-file permissions, and rotate credentials through a controlled process.
  • Limit exposure: allow UDP 1812 and 1813 only from known RADIUS clients; expose Apache over HTTPS and restrict the operator interface by network where possible.
  • Back up consistently: back up the MariaDB database, daloRADIUS configuration, FreeRADIUS modules and virtual-server files, Apache configuration, and certificate material. Test restoring them.
  • Monitor logs: watch FreeRADIUS, MariaDB, Apache, and system logs for rejected requests, failed inserts, disk growth, and repeated probes.
  • Patch deliberately: apply Ubuntu, PHP, Apache, MariaDB, FreeRADIUS, and daloRADIUS updates in a staging environment first, especially when schema migrations are involved.
  • Separate privileges: use the dedicated SQL account for normal operation and reserve MariaDB administrative access for schema changes and maintenance.

Plan capacity without inventing a benchmark

No authoritative minimum-resource figure, installation-time statistic, concurrency benchmark, or performance result is established for this exact daloRADIUS/FreeRADIUS-on-Ubuntu combination. Size the host from the number of RADIUS clients, authentication and accounting rates, retention period, report queries, billing workload, and EAP cryptographic load. Measure CPU, memory, database latency, disk I/O, and packet response time under representative traffic before committing to a production shape.

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A small single host is operationally simple, but database growth and report queries can affect authentication when everything shares one machine. Separating MariaDB, Apache, and FreeRADIUS gives better isolation and scaling options at the cost of network dependencies and additional administration.

Upgrade and recovery checklist

  1. Record Ubuntu, PHP, Apache, MariaDB, FreeRADIUS, and daloRADIUS versions.
  2. Back up the database and configuration files and verify that the backup can be read.
  3. Read the target daloRADIUS release notes and identify new migrations.
  4. Test the package and schema change on a disposable Ubuntu instance that matches production.
  5. Import migrations only once, in the release’s documented alphabetical order, and retain the execution log.
  6. Run freeradius -XC, then a foreground freeradius -X authentication test.
  7. Check both the operator and user web interfaces, SQL accounting inserts, and a real RADIUS client before declaring the upgrade complete.

The Bottom Line

Use Ubuntu packages where they match your release, import the FreeRADIUS schema before any daloRADIUS schema files, keep both applications on identical MariaDB connection settings, and validate every change with foreground FreeRADIUS debug output and a real RADIUS client.

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