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Run MoinMoin on a VPS as a WSGI application behind Nginx. Create an isolated Python environment (or use your distribution package), create a separate wiki instance, initialize its storage and search index, and expose only Nginx to the internet. Keep MoinMoin’s built-in server for local development and troubleshooting; use a production WSGI server for a public wiki.
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This guide uses /srv/moin for application data, a dedicated moin service account, and a private WSGI listener. Replace the example domain and certificate paths with your own values, but keep the same security boundaries.
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What the finished deployment looks like
A safe production layout has four layers:
- Internet client: connects to
https://wiki.example.com. - Nginx: terminates TLS, applies proxy limits and validation, and forwards requests.
- Production WSGI server: runs the MoinMoin callable on localhost or a Unix socket.
- MoinMoin instance: stores pages, configuration, attachments and search data outside any directory served as static files.
Nginx is the public entry point. The WSGI process must not listen on a public interface. MoinMoin’s documentation supports Nginx with uWSGI and identifies the WSGI callable as application created by moin.app.create_app().
Prerequisites and decisions
VPS and operating-system requirements
- A Linux VPS with administrative SSH access and a DNS name pointing to its public address.
- Python 3 and the operating-system tools needed to create a virtual environment, or a distribution package that supplies MoinMoin.
- Nginx and a production WSGI server such as uWSGI.
- Firewall access limited to SSH and HTTP/HTTPS. The exact VPS size and backup interval are operational choices; MoinMoin’s documentation does not prescribe either.
Use a current, supported Linux release and keep its security updates enabled. Create DNS for the final hostname before obtaining a certificate, but you can complete the application setup using localhost first.
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Choose an installation method
| Method | Typical command | Update responsibility | When it fits |
|---|---|---|---|
| Python virtual environment | python3 -m venv /srv/moin/venvsource /srv/moin/venv/bin/activatepip install --pre moin |
You install MoinMoin updates and security fixes. | Useful when you need an isolated, project-specific install. |
| Distribution package | For Debian or Ubuntu, the documented example is apt install moin. |
The distribution can provide an update mechanism; package versions and paths are controlled by that distribution. | Preferable when you want operating-system integration and centrally managed updates. |
| Direct PyPI installation | Install MoinMoin with your chosen Python packaging workflow. | You are responsible for updates and security fixes. | Useful when a package is unavailable or you need a particular release channel. |
Do not mix files from multiple methods in one instance without a deliberate migration plan. Whichever method you choose, verify that the moin command resolves to the installation you intend to run.
Create a dedicated account and directory layout
Do not run the wiki as root. The following layout keeps code, instance data and service configuration separate:
/srv/moin/venv— the virtual environment, if you use one./srv/moin/wiki— the MoinMoin instance, includingwikiconfig.py, page storage and indexes./etc/moin/moin.wsgi— the small WSGI entry-point file./etc/moin/uwsgi.ini— WSGI-server settings.
Create the account and directories with your distribution’s account-management tools, then make the moin account the owner of the instance and virtual-environment directories. Keep wikiconfig.py readable only by the service account and administrators. Nginx needs no direct read access to the wiki’s data.
Install MoinMoin
Virtual-environment installation
Log in as an administrator, create the environment, and install MoinMoin. The --pre option follows the project’s documented installation example and may select a pre-release channel, so review the package version shown by pip before putting the site on the internet.
python3 -m venv /srv/moin/venv
source /srv/moin/venv/bin/activate
python -m pip install --upgrade pip
python -m pip install --pre moin
/srv/moin/venv/bin/moin --helpIf the final command prints MoinMoin’s command help, the executable is available. Record the installed version and repeat the installation commands in your maintenance notes so you can reproduce the environment.
Distribution-package installation
On Debian or Ubuntu, the installation guide gives apt install moin as the package example. Package layouts differ, so immediately check the executable and its documentation:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install moin
command -v moin
moin --helpDo not assume that a package’s configuration directory, service name or WSGI-module path matches the virtual-environment example. Use the paths reported by the package and keep the instance directory you create below separate from Nginx’s document root.
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Create and initialize the wiki instance
Create one instance directory per wiki
MoinMoin supports separate instances so that each wiki has its own configuration and data. Create the example instance with:
sudo -u moin /srv/moin/venv/bin/moin create-instance --path /srv/moin/wikiFor a distribution package, omit the virtual-environment path and use the package’s moin command. If you host multiple wikis, repeat this step with a different directory for each one; do not point two independent sites at the same writable data directory.
Edit wikiconfig.py before first launch
Open /srv/moin/wiki/wikiconfig.py as an administrator and set the site identity and policy values appropriate to your community. Review each of these items explicitly:
sitenameandinterwikiname: use stable names that will remain correct if the hostname changes.- ACLs: define who may read, create, edit, delete and administer pages. Check the
SuperUserandSuperEditorsettings rather than relying on broad defaults. - Registration: decide whether anyone may register or whether registration requires a superuser.
- Edit locking: choose a policy that prevents conflicting edits without making routine collaboration painful.
- Email: configure outgoing mail only after deciding which notifications and password-recovery messages you want to send.
- Namespaces and storage backends: confirm that the selected backends match your expected page and attachment layout.
SECRET_KEY: generate a strong, unique value for this instance, store it in the configuration with restricted permissions, and never reuse a key from another wiki.
Keep secrets out of files that Nginx serves and out of public repositories. If you change the hostname or move the instance, verify that links, cookie settings and email URLs still point to the intended site.
Build storage and search indexes
Initialize the index before the first public request:
sudo -u moin /srv/moin/venv/bin/moin index-createWithout this step, search and index-dependent operations may fail or behave as if the wiki were empty. Optional starter material is available through:
sudo -u moin /srv/moin/venv/bin/moin welcome
sudo -u moin /srv/moin/venv/bin/moin load-help -n help-en
sudo -u moin /srv/moin/venv/bin/moin load-help -n help-commonThose commands are optional; omit them if you want a blank site. To migrate a Moin 1.9 wiki, use the documented moin import19 workflow and test the result before switching DNS.
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Define the MoinMoin WSGI entry point
Create /etc/moin/moin.wsgi with the callable expected by a production WSGI server:
from moin.app import create_app
application = create_app('/srv/moin/wiki/wikiconfig.py')The path in create_app() must be the configuration file for this instance. Keep this file outside the wiki data directory and make it readable by the service account and the WSGI server. If you use a distribution package, adjust the interpreter and configuration path to the package’s locations.
Run a production WSGI service privately
Install uWSGI or another production WSGI server using your operating system’s supported packaging. The exact executable path and service integration vary by distribution. Confirm the path with command -v uwsgi (or the equivalent for your selected server), then configure it to load the application callable from /etc/moin/moin.wsgi and bind only to localhost or a Unix socket.
Example uWSGI configuration
This illustrative configuration uses an HTTP listener on localhost, which lets Nginx use proxy_pass:
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chdir = /srv/moin/wiki
module = /etc/moin/moin.wsgi
callable = application
master = true
processes = 4
threads = 2
http = 127.0.0.1:8000
vacuum = true
harakiri = 60
The process and thread counts are examples, not performance guarantees. Tune them only after observing CPU, memory and request behavior on your VPS. A Unix socket is also suitable; in that topology, Nginx uses uwsgi_pass and the uWSGI parameters supplied by your distribution.
Keep the service managed and unprivileged
Create a systemd unit (or the service definition used by your operating system) that runs as moin, starts after the network is available, and restarts on failure. A unit should invoke the WSGI server with the selected configuration, set its working directory, and write logs to the system journal or a protected log location. Do not grant the service shell access, write access to the whole filesystem, or permission to bind privileged ports.
After enabling the service, verify the private listener locally before involving Nginx:
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sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl enable --now moin
curl -I http://127.0.0.1:8000/
sudo journalctl -u moin -eIf you selected a Unix socket instead of localhost HTTP, test the socket with the WSGI server’s diagnostic command and inspect its permissions. Only the Nginx worker account and the MoinMoin service account should be able to use it.
Put Nginx in front of MoinMoin
HTTP proxy topology
A minimal virtual host that proxies to the localhost HTTP listener looks like this:
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name wiki.example.com;
ssl_certificate /etc/letsencrypt/live/wiki.example.com/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/letsencrypt/live/wiki.example.com/privkey.pem;
location / {
include proxy_params;
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8000;
}
}
The certificate paths are examples; use the paths created by your certificate tooling. Add a separate port-80 server that redirects HTTP to HTTPS after you have confirmed the secure virtual host works. Keep Nginx’s served static directories unrelated to /srv/moin/wiki.
uWSGI native protocol
If uWSGI listens on a Unix socket or uses its native protocol, replace proxy_pass with the corresponding uwsgi_pass directive and include the uWSGI parameters supplied by your distribution. Do not send HTTP proxy directives to a native uWSGI socket; the protocol must match on both sides.
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sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxCheck the Nginx access and error logs and the WSGI service log together. A 502 response usually means Nginx cannot connect to the private listener, the socket permissions are wrong, or the WSGI process exited. A 500 response usually points to an application import, configuration or permission error; the WSGI log contains the useful traceback.
TLS, firewall and proxy security
- Terminate TLS at Nginx and redirect plain HTTP to HTTPS. Test certificate renewal before the first renewal is due.
- Allow only SSH and HTTP/HTTPS through the VPS firewall. Do not expose port 8000 or a WSGI Unix socket to the internet.
- Keep the MoinMoin instance,
wikiconfig.py, indexes and backups outside Nginx’s static document roots. - Run both Nginx and the WSGI application with the least privilege required. The WSGI service should use the dedicated
moinaccount. - Use proxy-level and WSGI-level validation, as recommended by MoinMoin’s security guidance. Set sensible request-size and timeout limits for your expected attachment sizes.
- Back up instance data, configuration and search/index state on a schedule appropriate to the wiki’s value. Periodically restore a backup to a separate test instance; a backup that has never been restored is only an assumption.
First-run verification checklist
Perform these checks in order, recording the result:
- Run
moin --helpas the service account and confirm the intended installation is on the path. - Confirm that
moin create-instance --path /srv/moin/wikicreated the expected files and that ownership is correct. - Run
moin index-createsuccessfully and confirm that index files are writable bymoin. - Start
moin runtemporarily on localhost to validate configuration and starter content. Never bind this development server to a public interface. - Start the production WSGI service and verify its private listener or socket locally.
- Enable the Nginx virtual host, obtain a certificate, test HTTPS, and verify that HTTP redirects to HTTPS.
- Test login, registration policy, ACL enforcement, page creation and editing, edit locking, attachments, search, email notifications (if enabled), and restart persistence.
- Restart the WSGI service and Nginx, then confirm that pages, indexes and configuration remain intact.
Common failures and recovery paths
moin is not found
The shell is using a different Python environment or package path. Activate /srv/moin/venv, use the absolute executable path, and compare command -v moin with the path used by systemd. For a package installation, inspect the package’s installed files instead of copying a virtual-environment path.
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Index creation fails
Check that the instance directory exists, the configuration imports cleanly, and the moin account can write storage and index directories. Read the command’s traceback, correct the configuration or ownership, and rerun index-create. Do not delete data directories to hide an initialization error.
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Confirm that the WSGI service is running, listening on the address configured in Nginx, and not bound only to a different socket. Check firewall rules, socket ownership and the WSGI log. If using uwsgi_pass, verify that the listener speaks the native uWSGI protocol; if using proxy_pass, verify that it speaks HTTP.
Pages load but edits or uploads fail
Inspect write permissions on the instance storage and attachment directories. The account running the WSGI process, not the Nginx account, normally needs write access. Also check Nginx request-size limits and any proxy timeout that may interrupt large uploads.
Search is empty or stale
Run the index command as the same account that owns the wiki, inspect index permissions, and review the WSGI log for indexing exceptions. Rebuild only after taking a backup and confirming that the underlying page data is intact.
The site works on localhost but not through the domain
Check DNS, the Nginx server_name, certificate coverage, firewall rules and the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect. Use Nginx access logs to distinguish a request that never reached the VPS from one that reached the wrong virtual host.
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Maintenance after launch
Updates
For virtual-environment and direct PyPI installations, administrators must track MoinMoin releases and apply security fixes themselves. Test upgrades against a copy of the instance, back up the original data and configuration, then restart the WSGI service and verify search, edits, attachments and authentication. Distribution packages may provide their own update channel; follow the distribution’s changelog and service-restart procedure.
Configuration changes
Change one policy at a time, keep a dated copy of wikiconfig.py, and restart the WSGI service after changes that are loaded only at process startup. Recheck SECRET_KEY, ACLs and registration restrictions after migrations or ownership changes.
Backups and restores
Back up the complete instance data, configuration and search/index state. Store at least one copy away from the VPS and periodically restore it to a separate directory with a separate hostname. A restore test should include logging in, editing a page, searching, downloading an attachment and restarting the service.
Built-in server versus production deployment
| Serving mode | Appropriate use | Exposure | Operational decision |
|---|---|---|---|
| MoinMoin built-in Werkzeug server | Development, debugging and small personal use. | Do not expose it publicly as a production wiki. | Use moin run briefly on localhost to validate configuration, then stop it. |
| Production WSGI server behind Nginx | Public or team wiki. | Only Nginx is internet-facing; WSGI binds privately. | Use a managed service, TLS, firewall rules, logs, backups and update procedures. |
| Nginx HTTP proxy to WSGI | When the WSGI server listens on localhost HTTP. | Nginx uses proxy_pass. |
Keep the listener on 127.0.0.1 or an equivalent private address. |
| Nginx to uWSGI socket | When uWSGI’s native protocol and a Unix socket fit your packaging. | Nginx uses uwsgi_pass. |
Match protocol, socket path and permissions exactly. |
The built-in server is explicitly not recommended for public wikis. Nginx and a production WSGI server provide the separation, TLS termination and process management expected of a real deployment.
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Open the wiki publicly only after the private WSGI check, Nginx configuration test, HTTPS test and permission review all pass. The durable pattern is simple: one instance directory per wiki, a unique restricted SECRET_KEY, initialized indexes, an unprivileged WSGI process, Nginx as the sole public listener, and a maintenance plan for updates and restores. That arrangement answers the installation, WSGI-entry-point and production-safety questions without relying on MoinMoin’s development server.
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