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What a Telegram webhook does
A webhook changes the delivery model from pulling to pushing. With polling, your process repeatedly asks Telegram for updates. With a webhook, Telegram makes an HTTPS POST request to your VPS whenever an update is available. Your application must accept the JSON-serialized Update body, return a successful HTTP response promptly, and move slow work to an internal queue or background worker.
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1Scan for outdated or missing drivers - takes under a minute2Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problems3Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitchesThe public request should terminate at a reverse proxy. Nginx handles the internet-facing TLS connection and forwards only the webhook route to a bot process listening on a private address such as 127.0.0.1:8080. The bot port itself does not need to be exposed by the VPS firewall.
Polling and webhooks are mutually exclusive
An active outgoing webhook prevents getUpdates from being used for the same bot. If you need to return to polling for development or recovery, call deleteWebhook first, then start the polling process. Conversely, stop the polling process before registering a webhook; otherwise the two delivery models conflict and updates may not arrive where you expect.
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Requirements before you configure anything
| Requirement | What to prepare | Why it matters |
|---|---|---|
| VPS network | A public IPv4 address and an inbound firewall rule for one Telegram-supported TCP port | Telegram’s webhook service requires IPv4; its current guide does not support IPv6 webhook delivery. |
| DNS | An A record such as bot.example.com pointing to the VPS IPv4 address |
Telegram connects to the hostname in the webhook URL, not to a private address. |
| TLS | A certificate whose CN or SAN exactly matches the webhook hostname, with the intermediate chain included | Telegram requires TLS 1.2 or newer and validates the hostname and certificate chain. |
| Supported port | 443, 80, 88, or 8443 | Telegram accepts webhook connections only on these ports. Port 443 is the conventional choice. |
| Bot service | An application route that accepts Telegram JSON POST requests and responds quickly | The reverse proxy needs a healthy private upstream to forward each update. |
| Secrets | The bot token, an unguessable URL path, and optionally a secret-token value | The path and the X-Telegram-Bot-Api-Secret-Token header provide independent request-authentication checks. |
1. Point DNS at the VPS and open the right port
- Choose the hostname you will use permanently, for example
bot.example.com. - Create an A record for that hostname with the VPS public IPv4 address. Check the record from outside the VPS and confirm that it resolves to the intended address.
- Select a supported webhook port. Use 443 unless another port is required by your network design. Allow inbound TCP on that port in both the VPS provider firewall and the operating-system firewall.
- Do not publish the bot’s application port, such as 8080, to the internet. Bind it to localhost or an equivalent private interface.
Use the exact hostname from DNS in the eventual webhook URL. A certificate for a different name, even another name on the same server, will not satisfy Telegram’s hostname check.
2. Run the bot privately
Configure the bot framework’s HTTP server to listen on 127.0.0.1:8080 (or another private port) and expose a route dedicated to the secret webhook path. The route should accept POST requests with Telegram’s JSON body and return a success status as soon as the update has been safely accepted. Put database calls, media processing, external API calls, and other slow operations on a queue or background worker instead of making Telegram wait for them.
Run this process under a service manager or container supervisor so it starts after reboot and is restarted after a crash. Keep the bot token and webhook secret in environment variables or a protected secret store. Do not put either value in source control, a public issue, or verbose request logs.
Keep the application route and proxy route identical
If the registered URL ends in /tg/7f3c..., Nginx must forward that same path to the application, or deliberately strip it according to your framework’s routing rules. A mismatch commonly produces a proxy-level 404 even though the bot process itself is running.
3. Terminate TLS with Nginx
Obtain a trusted certificate for the exact DNS name and configure Nginx with the complete certificate chain. Telegram’s webhook guide requires TLS 1.2 or newer, and the certificate CN or SAN must match the supplied domain. The intermediate certificates must be served along with the leaf certificate; installing only the leaf certificate can look valid in a browser while failing Telegram’s validation.
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A minimal server block looks like this (replace the certificate paths, hostname, private upstream port, and secret path with your values):
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name bot.example.com;
ssl_protocols TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3;
ssl_certificate /path/to/full-chain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /path/to/private-key.pem;
location /tg/long-random-path {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:8080;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto https;
}
}Test the Nginx configuration before reloading it, then confirm that it is listening on the selected port. The webhook endpoint must be served directly over HTTPS. Telegram’s FAQ states that redirects are not supported, so do not register an HTTP URL that depends on an HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect. Register the final HTTPS URL instead.
Using a non-standard supported port
Ports 80, 88, and 8443 are also supported, but the port must appear in the webhook URL when it is not the default for the scheme, and the same port must be open through every firewall layer. The certificate and hostname requirements still apply. Changing ports does not remove the need for TLS; Telegram documents that webhook encryption is required regardless of the selected port.
4. Register the webhook with the Bot API
Choose a path that is long and unguessable. It is an additional barrier because a random internet client that does not know the path should not be able to reach the bot route. Treat the bot token as a password and avoid placing it in shell history or shared process listings.
For a trusted certificate, call setWebhook with the complete HTTPS URL:
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curl -F 'url=https://bot.example.com/tg/long-random-path'
'https://api.telegram.org/botYOUR_BOT_TOKEN/setWebhook'Telegram responds with a success result when the webhook is accepted. A successful registration only means that Telegram accepted the configuration; it does not prove that DNS, the firewall, Nginx routing, and the application response all work end to end. Perform the verification steps below before considering the deployment complete.
Registering with a self-signed certificate
A self-signed certificate can be used when its public certificate is uploaded during registration. Supply the public PEM file with the certificate parameter:
curl -F 'url=https://bot.example.com/tg/long-random-path'
-F '[email protected]'
'https://api.telegram.org/botYOUR_BOT_TOKEN/setWebhook'Telegram’s self-signed certificate instructions specifically require uploading the certificate through the certificate parameter. Keep the private key only on the VPS; the uploaded file must be the public certificate.
5. Authenticate incoming requests
Use two checks at the application boundary:
- Route only the unguessable path through Nginx. Return a not-found response for other paths rather than exposing a generic bot endpoint.
- Set a
secret_tokenwhen registering the webhook and require the matchingX-Telegram-Bot-Api-Secret-Tokenheader on every request. The Bot API accepts a secret-token value from 1 to 256 characters.
Generate the value randomly, store it outside the source code, and compare the received header using your framework’s constant-time comparison function where available. Reject a missing or incorrect header before doing expensive JSON processing. Never write the header value to access logs, exception reports, or analytics.
An unguessable path is not a replacement for the header check: paths can leak through logs or configuration exports. The header is not a replacement for TLS: without HTTPS, a network observer could read it. Use both controls.
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6. Verify the configuration and delivery
Query the webhook status with:
curl 'https://api.telegram.org/botYOUR_BOT_TOKEN/getWebhookInfo'Inspect these fields in the returned object:
url— the exact endpoint Telegram is using. Confirm the scheme, hostname, port, and path.pending_update_count— updates waiting to be delivered. A growing value indicates that Telegram cannot complete delivery or the application is not acknowledging requests fast enough.last_error_dateandlast_error_message— the most recent delivery failure and its diagnostic text.max_connections— the configured webhook connection limit.allowed_updates— the update types Telegram is configured to send.
Send a message to the bot from a test account while watching both the Nginx access/error logs and the bot’s application log. You should see a POST at the exact secret path, a successful upstream response, and the update handled by the application. Test a second message after restarting the bot service to confirm that the process supervisor and startup configuration work.
Webhook capacity and connection settings
The Bot API permits max_connections from 1 to 100, with a default of 40. This is a Telegram API limit, not a promise that the VPS or application can process that many requests concurrently. Start with the default unless measured workload and application capacity justify a change. Raising the value without enough workers, database connections, or memory can increase queueing and failures.
| Setting | Allowed or default value | Operational meaning |
|---|---|---|
max_connections |
1–100; default 40 | Upper bound for Telegram’s simultaneous webhook connections for the bot. |
secret_token |
1–256 characters | Value Telegram places in the X-Telegram-Bot-Api-Secret-Token header. |
| Webhook ports | 443, 80, 88, 8443 | Ports Telegram accepts for webhook delivery; TLS remains required. |
Troubleshoot by symptom
setWebhook is rejected with a certificate or hostname error
Issue or install a certificate whose CN or SAN exactly contains the webhook hostname. Check that Nginx serves the certificate for the intended server_name, not a default virtual host. If the certificate is valid but Telegram still cannot build a trust chain, configure the full chain including intermediate certificates. For a self-signed setup, upload the public PEM certificate with certificate when calling setWebhook.
The endpoint returns a redirect
Remove the redirect from the registered webhook route. Telegram does not follow redirects for webhook requests. Register the final HTTPS URL and make Nginx serve that URL directly. This includes avoiding a trailing-slash redirect caused by a route that exists only with or without the slash.
No request reaches Nginx
Start with getWebhookInfo. If last_error_message indicates a connection or timeout problem, verify the DNS A record from an external network, confirm that the VPS has the expected public IPv4 address, and check every firewall layer. Ensure the selected port is one of 443, 80, 88, or 8443 and that Nginx is listening on it. Do not rely on an IPv6-only DNS record; Telegram’s current webhook guidance requires IPv4.
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Nginx receives the request but the bot returns 404
Compare the path in getWebhookInfo.url, the Nginx location, and the application route character by character. Check whether proxy_pass is preserving or replacing the URI, and inspect the Nginx error log for an upstream address or configuration mistake. A request sent to the hostname root will not prove that the secret route works.
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Nginx returns 502 or 504
Confirm that the bot process is running and listening on the same private address and port used in proxy_pass. Test the upstream locally from the VPS, then inspect the application log for crashes during JSON parsing or startup. A 502 usually indicates that Nginx cannot connect to the upstream; a timeout commonly means the process accepted the request but did not respond promptly.
The webhook is configured, but updates remain pending
Read pending_update_count, last_error_date, and last_error_message together. A rising pending count with certificate or connection errors points to DNS, TLS, firewall, or proxy routing. A healthy connection with slow or failed application responses points to the bot process, its dependencies, or insufficient concurrency. Return a success response after safely queuing the update, and move long-running work out of the request handler.
The bot appears to receive nothing after switching from polling
Stop every polling worker and check whether an old webhook still exists. If you intentionally want polling, call deleteWebhook before starting getUpdates. If you want webhooks, leave polling disabled, call setWebhook again with the correct URL, and verify the resulting url field.
The secret-header check fails
Confirm that the value supplied as secret_token during registration is the same value loaded by the application. Compare the exact bytes, including case and punctuation, and make sure a proxy or middleware is not removing the X-Telegram-Bot-Api-Secret-Token header. Rotate the value by registering a new secret and updating the application configuration in a coordinated restart.
Choosing an operating pattern
| Pattern | TLS and exposure | Operations to plan |
|---|---|---|
| Nginx with an automated trusted certificate | Public 443 with a hostname-matching certificate and full chain | Renewal, Nginx reloads, service restart policy, access/error log rotation, and upstream health checks. |
| Nginx with a self-signed certificate | Public supported port with the public PEM uploaded through setWebhook |
Protect and renew the private key, upload the new public certificate when it changes, and keep the certificate and webhook configuration synchronized. |
| Another reverse proxy | Any Telegram-supported port with equivalent TLS and hostname behavior | Preserve the webhook path, forward the POST body and secret header, return prompt upstream responses, and provide restart and logging controls. |
| Containerized bot behind a proxy | Only the proxy is public; the container joins a private network | Use a stable internal service name or address, persist secrets safely, define restart behavior, and ensure the proxy waits for the bot to become ready. |
The implementation can vary, but the externally visible contract does not: Telegram must resolve the hostname to your IPv4 VPS, complete TLS without a redirect, reach a supported port, receive the expected path, and get a timely successful response.
Quick Recap
Security and maintenance checklist
- Keep the bot token out of shell history, source control, screenshots, and logs.
- Use a long random path and enforce the secret-token header.
- Expose only the reverse-proxy port; bind the bot server to localhost or a private network.
- Serve the complete certificate chain and renew the certificate before expiry.
- Do not add an HTTP redirect in front of the registered webhook URL.
- Limit Nginx logging so request bodies and authentication headers are never recorded.
- Monitor
pending_update_count,last_error_message, process restarts, and proxy 4xx/5xx responses. - Keep the application handler short and queue slow work.
- After changing DNS, certificates, paths, ports, or secrets, run
getWebhookInfoand send a real test message. - Document whether the bot uses webhook delivery or polling so a maintenance script cannot start the wrong mode.
Final end-to-end checklist
- The DNS A record resolves the webhook hostname to the VPS public IPv4 address.
- The selected port is 443, 80, 88, or 8443 and is open through all firewalls.
- Nginx (or the chosen proxy) presents a matching certificate with its intermediate chain and TLS 1.2 or newer.
- The proxy serves the final HTTPS URL directly, without a redirect.
- The bot listens privately and the proxy forwards the exact secret path to it.
setWebhookhas been called with the correct URL, and the optional secret token is configured in both Telegram and the application.getWebhookInfoshows the expected URL and no current delivery error.- A real test message produces a POST in the proxy log and a handled update in the application log.
- No polling worker is running while the webhook remains active.
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