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Use two layers to distribute traffic between countries: authoritative DNS chooses a healthy regional endpoint, and NGINX on each Ubuntu region balances requests across local application servers. DNS alone can return several addresses, but it cannot reliably detect an unhealthy application or move already-open connections. NGINX then provides regional reverse proxying, connection policies, TLS handling, and passive failure avoidance.
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This design works for HTTP and HTTPS with NGINX Open Source. If you need active, periodic health checks and API-driven upstream changes, NGINX Plus adds those controls. For global health-aware or latency-based steering, use an authoritative DNS load-balancing service with pools and monitors rather than plain round-robin records.
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Understand the two load-balancing layers
Global server load balancing (GSLB) distributes traffic among server resources in different points of presence. In this design, the authoritative DNS service is the global steering layer. It returns the address of a regional NGINX endpoint according to the policy you configure: availability, geography, latency, or a simple rotation.
Each regional NGINX instance is a reverse proxy. It receives the request, terminates or passes through TLS as configured, and selects an application server from its local upstream group. Keeping the application instances close to the regional proxy reduces cross-continent hops and makes failures easier to isolate.
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- DNS layer: selects a region or removes an unhealthy region from rotation.
- NGINX layer: balances requests among application servers inside that region.
- Application layer: must expose a health endpoint that reflects whether it can actually serve traffic.
NGINX documentation describes load balancing as a way to improve resource utilization, throughput, latency, and fault tolerance. Those benefits depend on matching the policy to the application: session-heavy services may need stickiness, while stateless APIs usually benefit from least-connections or ordinary round-robin.
Plan the topology before installing anything
Minimum regional layout
Start with at least two regions and, ideally, two NGINX hosts or an equivalent highly available front end in each region. Every region should run the same application release, TLS policy, firewall policy, and monitoring rules. A single NGINX host in a region is still a regional single point of failure, even if DNS can fail over to another country.
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Use stable public names such as app.example.com for clients and separate regional names such as eu-edge.example.com and us-edge.example.com for monitoring and operations. Keep the NGINX configuration in source control, and make deployments reproducible so that a policy change reaches every region consistently.
Choose the failure boundary
Decide what should remove a region from service. A failed TCP port is not enough: NGINX may be listening while the application is unable to reach its database, cache, or authentication service. Publish a private or authenticated readiness endpoint, for example /health/ready, that returns success only when the instance can serve real user traffic. Keep detailed diagnostics out of a public endpoint.
Choose an NGINX balancing method
| Method | How NGINX selects a server | Good fit |
|---|---|---|
| Round-robin | Cycles through servers; this is the default. | Stateless requests with similarly sized instances. |
least_conn |
Sends a new request to the server with the fewest active connections. | Long-lived or unevenly expensive requests. |
ip_hash |
Uses the client IP to keep a client on one server while the pool is unchanged. | Legacy session affinity when the client address is a usable key. |
| Weighted servers | Gives a server a relative share with the weight parameter. |
Mixed-capacity machines or gradual rollout. |
| Least time | Available in NGINX Plus; considers response time as well as active connections. | Latency-sensitive workloads with varied response times. |
Do not use IP hashing as a substitute for shared sessions. Mobile users, carrier NAT, and IPv6 privacy addresses can change the apparent client address. Prefer a shared session store or stateless tokens when the application permits it.
Provision and prepare Ubuntu hosts
- Create regional hosts. Place Ubuntu servers in the countries or provider regions you intend to serve. Record each host’s public address, private application addresses, and monitoring address.
- Synchronize time and identity. Enable the distribution’s time synchronization, use consistent hostnames, and make sure certificates cover the public name and are deployed identically in every region.
- Apply the firewall policy. Allow TCP 80 and 443 only where required, restrict the NGINX-to-application ports to private networks, and limit administrative access to your management network. If you will proxy DNS or another UDP service, permit only the intended listener and clients.
- Install the application first. Confirm that the application listens on its private port and that
curlfrom the NGINX host receives the expected readiness response. - Set up monitoring. Collect NGINX access and error logs, application logs, host metrics, certificate expiry, and health-check transitions. Alert on both regional failure and an empty local upstream pool.
Install NGINX and keep the configuration reproducible
Use the NGINX package supplied for your Ubuntu release or the vendor’s Ubuntu-supported repository, and pin the source and version policy in your deployment documentation. A typical package installation is:
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sudo apt update
sudo apt install nginx
sudo systemctl enable --now nginx
nginx -vBefore changing a live configuration, copy the active files into source control and validate every change with sudo nginx -t. Reload instead of stopping the service so existing connections have a chance to finish:
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxKeep private keys readable only by the account and group that NGINX requires. If certificates are renewed automatically, test the renewal hook by validating the configuration and performing a graceful reload.
Configure an HTTP regional reverse proxy
Place an upstream group in the http {} context, then reference it from the public virtual host. The following example uses two private application servers and passive failure handling:
http {
upstream regional_app {
least_conn;
server 10.20.1.11:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s;
server 10.20.1.12:8080 max_fails=3 fail_timeout=10s;
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name eu-edge.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://regional_app;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
proxy_connect_timeout 5s;
proxy_read_timeout 60s;
}
}
}For HTTPS, listen on 443 with the certificate and key, and retain the same proxy headers. Ensure the certificate’s subject alternative names include the public hostname clients use. If TLS is terminated at another device, document whether NGINX receives HTTP or HTTPS and set X-Forwarded-Proto accordingly.
Round-robin is the default, so you can omit least_conn when that is the desired behavior. To shift traffic gradually, assign relative weights, for example server 10.20.1.11:8080 weight=3; and server 10.20.1.12:8080 weight=1;. Use backup only when a server should receive traffic after the primary members are unavailable.
Know what Open Source NGINX health handling does
NGINX Open Source performs passive, in-band failure handling. Requests themselves provide the evidence: after the configured number of failures during fail_timeout, NGINX temporarily avoids that server and later tries it again with live requests. This is useful protection, but it is not an independent probe that can remove a completely idle or unreachable region from DNS.
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Set max_fails and fail_timeout to match the service. Very aggressive values can eject a healthy server during a short dependency slowdown; very relaxed values prolong errors. Test the chosen values under realistic latency and restart conditions.
Active checks with NGINX Plus
NGINX Plus can send periodic active checks and evaluate configured status, header, or body conditions. A Plus configuration can request a readiness URI at an interval and require a number of passes and failures before changing state:
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upstream regional_app {
zone regional_app 64k;
server 10.20.1.11:8080;
server 10.20.1.12:8080;
}
server {
listen 443 ssl;
server_name eu-edge.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://regional_app;
health_check uri=/health/ready interval=5s fails=3 passes=2;
}
}The active-check syntax and available match conditions depend on the NGINX Plus release. Treat this as a Plus-only feature and verify the exact directive set for the installed version. Shared upstream zones, monitoring, and an API for dynamic changes are additional Plus controls; they do not remove the need for an application-level readiness endpoint.
Configure authoritative DNS for global steering
Simple round-robin records
Multiple A or AAAA records for the same name provide basic round-robin DNS. This is easy to deploy, but every returned address may remain in resolver and client caches until its TTL expires. Plain records do not know whether a regional NGINX instance or its application is healthy, and they do not select the lowest-latency region.
Health-aware regional pools
A managed DNS load-balancing service can define regional pools or endpoints, attach monitors, and remove an unhealthy pool from endpoint rotation. Configure one endpoint per regional NGINX public address and monitor the readiness path over HTTPS. Require the expected status and, where supported, a response marker that proves the application is ready.
Use geography or latency steering only when the provider documents how it chooses a location and what happens when measurements are unavailable. Keep a default region or emergency pool so that a partial monitoring failure does not leave the hostname without an answer.
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DNS records and names
Publish the client-facing name at the authoritative DNS service. Regional names can be direct A or AAAA records, while the global name is controlled by the provider’s pool policy. Keep IPv4 and IPv6 health behavior consistent: advertising an AAAA address that is not monitored can send IPv6 clients to a broken region even when IPv4 checks pass.
Set TTLs with cache behavior in mind
DNS changes are not instantaneous. Recursive resolvers and client libraries cache answers for the TTL, and some networks retain answers longer than intended. A short TTL improves the speed of a planned steering change but increases DNS query volume; a long TTL reduces queries but delays failover and recovery. No single TTL is correct for every provider and topology, so start conservatively, measure resolver behavior, and adjust using the authoritative service’s documented limits.
DNS failover does not move an existing TCP connection, WebSocket, download, or game session. It affects new DNS lookups. To drain a region, stop assigning new DNS answers, allow the cache window to pass, and then close or gracefully drain existing connections according to the application’s protocol. Clients that cache addresses longer than the published TTL may require retries or an application-level reconnect strategy.
Balance TCP and UDP services with the stream module
Web traffic belongs in the http {} context and uses proxy_pass to an HTTP upstream. NGINX can also proxy raw TCP and UDP in the stream {} context. UDP listeners require the udp parameter, which is essential for DNS and other datagram services:
stream {
upstream game_udp {
server 10.20.2.11:27015;
server 10.20.2.12:27015;
}
server {
listen 27015 udp;
proxy_pass game_udp;
proxy_timeout 10s;
proxy_responses 1;
}
}Do not place UDP directives in an HTTP server block. Confirm that the chosen NGINX package includes the stream module, open the matching firewall port, and test from a client network that can send the protocol. Application protocols that require source-IP visibility, connection affinity, or custom timeouts need additional design work before they are put behind a generic stream proxy.
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| Component | Capabilities established for this design | When to use it |
|---|---|---|
| NGINX Open Source | HTTP reverse proxy; round-robin, least-connection, IP-hash, and weighted methods; passive in-band failure handling. | Regional balancing when the application and monitoring system can tolerate passive checks. |
| NGINX Plus | Everything above plus active periodic checks, configurable intervals and pass/fail counts, richer match conditions, shared upstream zones, monitoring, and API-based dynamic changes. | Operations that require independent active checks and richer runtime control. |
| Managed DNS load balancer | Provider-operated DNS records, regional pools, monitors, and traffic-steering policies; unhealthy pools can be removed from rotation. | Global health-aware, geographic, or latency-based distribution. |
These components solve different problems. NGINX Plus active checks do not replace global DNS steering, and a managed DNS service does not balance requests between two application processes inside a region. Combine the layers when you need both properties.
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Run a failure and recovery test
- Check each region directly. Resolve the regional hostname from several networks, complete the TLS handshake with the correct SNI name, and request the readiness path and a normal application URL.
- Verify local balancing. Add a response header or inspect origin logs temporarily so you can see which upstream served each request. Confirm that the configured method and weights produce the expected distribution.
- Simulate an application failure. Stop one upstream or make its readiness check fail. On Open Source NGINX, observe passive errors and the transition after
max_fails; on Plus, observe active fail and pass counts. - Simulate a regional failure. Block the regional endpoint or make its monitor fail. Confirm that the authoritative DNS service removes the pool, then query through multiple public resolvers to observe cached answers and TTL effects.
- Test existing sessions. Keep a long-lived connection open while changing DNS. Confirm that it remains on the original region until the protocol or application reconnects, rather than assuming DNS will transfer it.
- Restore and observe recovery. Re-enable the service, verify readiness, and confirm that the provider returns the region only after the configured pass criteria. Watch for oscillation between healthy and unhealthy states.
- Practice rollback. Keep the previous DNS policy and NGINX configuration available. Record the exact commands, approval path, and monitoring signals used to reverse a change.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
Users still reach a failed region
Check recursive-resolver caches, the published TTL, and whether the monitor tests the same hostname, port, protocol, and path that users use. A healthy TCP listener can still hide an application failure, while an incorrect Host header can make a valid application return an error to the monitor.
Every upstream appears down
From the NGINX host, test each private address with curl or the protocol’s native client. Check security groups, host firewalls, routes, name resolution, and certificate trust. Read the NGINX error log for connect timeouts, reset connections, and upstream response errors. Verify that the upstream port is the one the application actually binds.
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Inspect Host, X-Forwarded-For, and X-Forwarded-Proto at the application. Ensure the application trusts proxy headers only from known proxy networks and does not redirect HTTPS to HTTPS indefinitely because it thinks the request arrived over HTTP.
Traffic is unexpectedly sticky
Remove ip_hash if affinity is not required, and check whether an upstream weight, a backup flag, a client-side cache, or an application session cookie is creating the appearance of stickiness. For deliberate affinity, document how sessions survive the loss of the selected server.
IPv6 behaves differently
Query both A and AAAA records, test over an IPv6-only network, and monitor both address families. Remove or repair an AAAA endpoint that does not provide the same TLS and application behavior as IPv4.
Operational safeguards
- Use least privilege for deployment accounts and protect NGINX keys and monitoring credentials.
- Rate-limit or authenticate health endpoints; never expose database credentials, stack traces, or internal topology in their responses.
- Rotate certificates before expiry in every region and alert on drift between regional configurations.
- Keep DNS changes auditable, with a documented emergency procedure and a tested rollback.
- Log a request identifier and region identifier so a failed request can be traced from DNS selection through NGINX to the application.
- Review connection draining, retry behavior, and idempotency before enabling automatic retries across regions. Retrying a non-idempotent operation can create duplicates.
What this architecture can and cannot guarantee
Authoritative DNS can steer new clients toward an available region, and NGINX can distribute those requests across local servers. Neither layer can guarantee instantaneous global failover: resolver caches delay DNS changes, open connections remain where they were established, and an endpoint that reports success without checking its dependencies can still fail real users.
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