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This design keeps backend ports private, supports automatic ACME certificates, and removes replicas that fail an active readiness check. It is simple to operate, but one VPS and one Traefik instance remain a single failure domain rather than a highly available edge.
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Traefik separates a request path into components that each have a specific job:
- Providers discover infrastructure. With the Docker provider enabled, Traefik watches Docker metadata and container labels.
- Entrypoints are listening sockets. A typical VPS uses a
webentrypoint on TCP 80 and awebsecureentrypoint on TCP 443. - Routers inspect request properties such as the hostname, path, entrypoint, and TLS state. A router selects the requests that belong to an application.
- Services forward matching requests to backend servers and perform load balancing. A Docker service can be told exactly which internal container port to use.
- Middlewares modify or restrict requests. Redirects, authentication, headers, and rate controls are common examples.
For a request to https://app.example.com, the flow is normally: the VPS firewall permits TCP 443, Traefik accepts the connection on websecure, the hostname rule selects the application router, TLS is terminated at Traefik, and the selected service forwards the request over the private Docker network to one healthy replica.
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Traefik can discover multiple containers belonging to one logical service. Its normal distribution strategy is round robin unless you configure another service strategy. Discovery is dynamic, so adding or removing a replica changes the backend set without editing a static upstream list.
Prerequisites: VPS, DNS, Docker, and firewall rules
Prepare the edge before writing labels. You need:
- A VPS with a public IPv4 address and enough CPU, memory, and storage for Traefik plus every application replica.
- Docker Engine and Docker Compose installed and working for the account that will deploy the stack.
- A DNS record for the application hostname, such as
app.example.com, pointing to the VPS public IP. - Inbound TCP 80 and TCP 443 allowed in both the VPS operating-system firewall and the VPS provider firewall.
- An application image that listens on a known container port and exposes a readiness endpoint suitable for health checks.
- Permission to create a Docker network and a durable volume or host path for ACME certificate storage.
Do not publish the application container’s port on the VPS just because the process listens on it internally. Traefik can reach an exposed container through the Docker network. Publishing backend ports creates an additional public attack surface and lets clients bypass routing, TLS policy, and middleware.
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Use a user-defined network shared by Traefik and every backend replica. The example below creates a Compose-managed network named proxy. It publishes only Traefik’s edge ports and stores ACME state in a named volume.
services:
traefik:
image: traefik:v3
restart: unless-stopped
command:
- --providers.docker=true
- --providers.docker.exposedbydefault=false
- --providers.docker.network=proxy
- --entrypoints.web.address=:80
- --entrypoints.websecure.address=:443
- --entrypoints.web.http.redirections.entrypoint.to=websecure
- --entrypoints.web.http.redirections.entrypoint.scheme=https
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- --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.storage=/letsencrypt/acme.json
- --certificatesresolvers.letsencrypt.acme.httpchallenge.entrypoint=web
ports:
- '80:80'
- '443:443'
volumes:
- /var/run/docker.sock:/var/run/docker.sock:ro
- letsencrypt:/letsencrypt
networks:
- proxy
volumes:
letsencrypt:
networks:
proxy:The v3 image tag is illustrative. Pin the exact Traefik release you have approved in production, then review its current rule syntax before deploying. Older examples may use deprecated rule-syntax settings.
Create the project directory and start Traefik after creating its ACME file with restrictive permissions if you use a bind mount. A named volume, as shown above, keeps the file inside Docker-managed storage. If you instead mount a host file, create it first and set mode 600 so certificate-account data is not readable by other users.
mkdir -p /srv/traefik
cd /srv/traefik
docker compose up -dThe Docker socket is mounted read-only. Read-only access does not make the socket harmless, because a process that can query Docker may still learn sensitive metadata; use a socket-proxy pattern when your security model requires stronger isolation.
Attach an application to Traefik with Docker labels
Add labels to the application service that should receive public traffic. The following set routes one hostname to a service named app, terminates TLS, and tells Traefik that the application listens on container port 8080.
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labels:
- traefik.enable=true
- traefik.http.routers.app.rule=Host(`app.example.com`)
- traefik.http.routers.app.entrypoints=websecure
- traefik.http.routers.app.tls=true
- traefik.http.routers.app.tls.certresolver=letsencrypt
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.server.port=8080The router name and service name are logical identifiers; they do not have to match the Compose service name, although matching names make logs easier to read. The Host rule must use the same hostname that DNS resolves to the VPS. The internal port is the port inside the container, not a host-published port.
Because exposedByDefault=false is enabled, a container without traefik.enable=true is ignored. This is safer than publishing every container automatically. Keep the application and Traefik services on the proxy network, and do not add a ports section to the application unless an operational requirement specifically calls for direct access.
Route several hostnames or paths
Create another router when a different hostname or path needs a different rule. For example, an administrative hostname can have its own service and middleware, while an API path can be matched with a path rule. Keep rules explicit; a broad catch-all router can accidentally claim traffic intended for another application.
- traefik.http.routers.api.rule=Host(`app.example.com`) && PathPrefix(`/api`)
- traefik.http.routers.api.entrypoints=websecure
- traefik.http.routers.api.tls=true
- traefik.http.routers.api.tls.certresolver=letsencrypt
- traefik.http.services.api.loadbalancer.server.port=9000If multiple routers could match the same request, set an explicit priority or make the rules mutually exclusive. A path-specific router normally needs a higher priority than a general hostname router so the intended service receives the request.
Run multiple backend replicas
Traefik cannot balance what Docker does not expose as multiple servers. Scale the application service after one instance works correctly:
docker compose up -d --scale app=3Do not set a fixed container_name on a service you plan to scale; Compose needs distinct container names for each replica. Each replica must listen on the same internal port and join the shared proxy network. Traefik then discovers the containers as servers behind the logical app service.
Scaling a process is not the same as making the application stateless. Sessions stored only in local memory, uploads written only to one container, or jobs that are not safe to run concurrently can produce user-visible errors when requests move between replicas. Choose a shared session or storage design separately from the proxy configuration.
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Verify each instance before exposing it
Before switching production DNS, check every replica from inside the Docker network or through a temporary administrative route. Confirm that the process binds to the expected internal port, returns a valid response, and can reach its database and other dependencies. A container that is running but cannot serve a complete request should fail its readiness check rather than receive traffic.
Configure active health checks
Use a readiness endpoint that represents the application’s ability to serve requests, such as /readyz or /health. A process-only check can pass while the application is out of database connections, missing a required migration, or unable to reach a dependency.
Add health-check labels to the same logical service:
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.path=/readyz
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.interval=10s
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.timeout=3s
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.scheme=http
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.method=GET
- traefik.http.services.app.loadbalancer.healthcheck.followredirects=falseSet the health-check port only when it differs from the service port; the Docker provider supports an explicit health-check port as well as path, scheme, method, timeout, interval, and redirect behavior. Use the values appropriate for your application rather than copying a timeout that is too short for normal startup.
When a check fails, Traefik stops selecting that server for new requests. When the endpoint becomes healthy again, the server can re-enter rotation. Health checks are not a substitute for graceful shutdown: drain or stop replicas in a way that lets in-flight requests finish, and make the readiness endpoint report failure before terminating a process when your deployment system supports that sequence.
Enable HTTPS with Let’s Encrypt and ACME
The Compose flags above define an ACME resolver named letsencrypt and use the HTTP-01 challenge on the web entrypoint. The secure router attaches that resolver with tls.certresolver=letsencrypt. For issuance to work, the hostname must resolve to this VPS and inbound TCP 80 must reach Traefik; the HTTP entrypoint redirect does not prevent the ACME challenge from being handled.
Persist /letsencrypt/acme.json on durable storage. If the file disappears every time the container is recreated, Traefik loses its account and certificate state and may request certificates again unnecessarily. Back up the storage file, restrict its permissions, and do not publish it through the web server or a dashboard.
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Certificate issuance and renewal are automatic after the resolver is working. Watch Traefik logs during the first deployment:
docker compose logs -f traefikUse a staging ACME endpoint while diagnosing repeated issuance failures, then switch to the production endpoint after DNS, firewall, and router rules are correct. Protect the resolver email and storage data, and keep only the secure router publicly useful once the HTTP-to-HTTPS redirect is confirmed.
Test routing, balancing, and failure recovery
Perform these checks in order so a failure has a narrow cause:
- Resolve
app.example.comand confirm it returns the VPS address. - From an external network, request
http://app.example.comand verify that it redirects to HTTPS. - Request
https://app.example.comand inspect the certificate hostname and expiration with a browser or TLS client. - Confirm that the hostname rule, secure entrypoint, and internal port produce an application response rather than a Traefik 404 or 502.
- Send repeated requests while logging an instance identifier from the application. The identifiers should show that more than one healthy replica receives traffic; do not infer distribution from a single request.
- Stop one replica or make its readiness endpoint fail, then verify that new requests continue through the remaining healthy servers.
- Restore the replica and confirm that it re-enters rotation only after its readiness endpoint passes.
These are operational validations, not guarantees of a particular throughput, latency, or availability level. Capacity depends on the VPS, application, connection patterns, and dependencies; do not promise a replica count or performance figure that you have not measured under your workload.
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Security hardening for a single-VPS edge
- Expose only edge ports. Publish TCP 80 and 443 on Traefik. Keep application ports on the private Docker network.
- Limit automatic exposure. Keep
providers.docker.exposedbydefault=falseand addtraefik.enable=trueonly to intended services. - Protect the Docker API. Use a read-only socket mount where feasible, consider a socket proxy, and never expose the Docker socket over the network.
- Restrict the dashboard. Do not publish the dashboard publicly without authentication, an explicit router, and network restrictions. The dashboard is an operational interface, not an application endpoint.
- Pin versions. Pin the Traefik image and application images to reviewed releases. Update deliberately and read the current v3 provider and rule documentation before changing syntax.
- Separate networks when needed. A backend can join both a private application network and the Traefik network, while Traefik joins only the network required to reach published services.
- Back up ACME state. Protect the certificate-account storage file and test that it can be restored.
Docker labels versus a file provider
Docker labels are usually the shortest path when all backends are containers on one host. A file provider can be preferable when routing configuration must be reviewed as a version-controlled file or when the upstreams are not represented cleanly by Docker metadata.
| Decision point | Docker-label configuration | File-provider configuration |
|---|---|---|
| Discovery | Traefik watches Docker containers and labels. | Traefik watches a configuration file that you manage. |
| Change workflow | Changing a Compose label causes the provider to rebuild the dynamic configuration. | Changing the file requires a reload or file-watch update. |
| Best fit | Containerized services whose network and internal ports are known from Compose. | Static upstreams, external servers, or teams that want routing separated from container definitions. |
| Main risk | Typos in labels can silently produce a missing router or wrong service. | Stale addresses and file-permission or reload errors can leave old configuration active. |
Do not combine both methods casually for the same router name. Keep ownership clear so an operator knows which provider is authoritative.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Round robin, weighted services, and health strategy choices
| Choice | Use it when | Important limitation |
|---|---|---|
| Round robin | Replicas have similar capacity and requests are broadly comparable. | It does not account for different server sizes or request cost. |
| Weighted or advanced service strategy | You need a controlled split, gradual migration, or unequal capacity distribution. | Weights require deliberate configuration and monitoring; they do not fix an unhealthy application. |
| Passive failure handling | You need a basic response to connection or request failures. | A process that returns valid-looking errors or is not contacted yet may remain selected. |
| Active health checks | You have a readiness endpoint that can report dependency and startup state. | The endpoint must be accurate and should not be so expensive that checking it harms the service. |
Layer 7 HTTP routing gives you hostname and path rules, TLS termination, and HTTP middleware. Traefik also supports Layer 4 use cases, but this VPS pattern is focused on HTTP and HTTPS application traffic.
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Troubleshooting common failures
The router returns a Traefik 404
Check that the request hostname exactly matches the Host rule, that the router is attached to the entrypoint receiving the request, and that the container has traefik.enable=true. With Docker discovery restricted to the proxy network, also confirm that the application actually joined that network.
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Traefik returns 502 or cannot connect
Verify the internal service port label. A host-published port is not the value Traefik needs; the label must name the port on which the process listens inside the container. Check container logs, network membership, and whether the application binds to an address reachable from the network rather than only to a loopback interface.
The certificate is not issued
Confirm DNS points to this VPS, TCP 80 reaches Traefik, the web entrypoint is active, and the hostname is present on the TLS router. Inspect the Traefik log for ACME challenge errors. Check that the ACME storage path is writable and persistent, and avoid repeatedly deleting the file while diagnosing the configuration.
One replica receives no traffic
Inspect its health-check result and container logs. A failed readiness endpoint, wrong health-check path, different internal port, or network mismatch removes the server from the service. If it is healthy but requests still appear uneven, collect enough requests and an instance identifier before concluding that the strategy is incorrect.
HTTP does not redirect
Ensure the web entrypoint is bound to port 80 and that the entrypoint redirection flags are present in the running container, not only in an un-deployed Compose file. Verify that the VPS and provider firewalls allow TCP 80; the redirect cannot occur if the request never reaches Traefik.
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What a single VPS cannot provide
Multiple containers improve process-level resilience, but they do not remove the VPS, host kernel, storage, public IP, or Traefik edge from the failure path. The ACME guidance explicitly warns that one Traefik Proxy instance can be a single point of failure. A host outage, provider network problem, firewall mistake, or Traefik configuration error can affect every replica at once.
For higher availability, place independent edge instances and backend capacity in separate failure domains, then add health-aware DNS or another external traffic director. That is a different architecture with additional operational and networking requirements; simply running more Traefik containers on the same VPS does not create independent availability.
Quick Recap
Maintenance checklist
- Review Traefik and application image releases, then update pinned versions in a controlled deployment.
- Keep DNS, firewall, entrypoint, router, and certificate-resolver settings documented with the Compose project.
- Test a replica failure and recovery after changes to health checks or deployment scripts.
- Verify that ACME storage is durable, backed up, and protected from public access.
- Review Docker labels after renaming a service, changing its internal port, or moving it to another network.
- Watch logs and application metrics for rising 5xx responses, failed health checks, and certificate-renewal errors.
- Recheck current Traefik v3 rule syntax before copying an older configuration example.
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