Point every domain at the server in DNS, then tell the web server which hostnames belong to the same site. Apache matches aliases with ServerName and ServerAlias; NGINX lists them in one server_name directive. HTTPS adds a third requirement: the certificate selected for each connection must include every hostname visitors can enter.
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Understand the three layers before changing configuration
A domain alias is not created by a virtual-host file alone. A browser first resolves a hostname through DNS, connects to an IP address, negotiates HTTP or HTTPS, and sends the hostname in the request. Your server then chooses a virtual host or server block that matches that name.
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- DNS: publishes where each hostname should connect.
- Web-server matching: maps the requested hostname to the site’s files or application.
- TLS and application behavior: supplies a certificate and ensures redirects, cookies, links, and security policies work for the chosen host.
All three layers must agree. A correct Apache or NGINX file cannot compensate for a missing DNS record, and a valid DNS record cannot make an uncovered HTTPS hostname secure.
Plan the aliases and decide what visitors should see
Write down every public hostname before editing the server. Include the apex domain, www variant, regional or legacy domains, and any hostname used by a game portal, API, download endpoint, or administration interface. For each one, choose whether it should display the site or redirect elsewhere.
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| Hostname type | Typical purpose | Recommended handling |
|---|---|---|
| Preferred canonical name | The address you want shared and indexed | Serve the application here |
www or apex alternative |
Common visitor variation | Redirect permanently or serve deliberately |
| Legacy brand or old domain | Migration and bookmarked links | Redirect after confirming ownership and certificate coverage |
| Service hostname | API, assets, downloads, or status page | Use a separate virtual host when isolation, headers, or logs require it |
| Wildcard subdomain | Many predictable names such as per-user pages | Use only when the application is designed for wildcard routing |
There are two legitimate policies. A canonical redirect sends aliases to one preferred hostname with a permanent redirect. Serving the same site on every name keeps the requested host in the address bar, but the application must generate domain-correct URLs and cookies. Do not mix policies accidentally: redirect some paths while allowing other paths to remain on an alias unless that behavior is intentional and documented.
Create DNS records for every alias
Add records with your DNS provider before testing the web-server configuration. An A record maps a hostname to an IPv4 address; an AAAA record maps it to IPv6. A CNAME can point a hostname at another hostname where your DNS design and provider allow it, but the zone apex often cannot use a conventional CNAME.
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- Create records for each
www, regional, legacy, API, or download hostname you intend to expose. - Use both
AandAAAAwhen the server is reachable over both protocols. Remove stale IPv6 records if the service is not actually configured for IPv6. - Allow for DNS TTL and resolver caching. A newly changed record may not be visible everywhere immediately.
Check resolution from more than one network before blaming the web server. Confirm that each name returns the intended address and that a CNAME ultimately resolves to the same service. DNS only directs traffic; it does not select an Apache virtual host or NGINX server block.
Configure multiple aliases in Apache
Build the HTTP virtual host
Put the preferred hostname in ServerName and every alternate hostname in ServerAlias. A single name-based virtual host can answer all of them:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com example.net www.example.net
DocumentRoot /var/www/example
<Directory /var/www/example>
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>Use the actual document root, directory permissions, rewrite rules, proxy directives, and logging conventions used by your distribution. Keep unrelated sites in separate virtual-host files so their aliases cannot overlap accidentally.
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Enable, inspect, and reload
- Save the file in the location used by your operating system, such as the enabled-sites directory on Debian-based systems.
- Enable the site using your platform’s normal mechanism.
- Run
apachectl configtestand correct every syntax error before reloading. - Run
apachectl -S. This prints parsed virtual hosts, their address-and-port bindings, and the file order Apache will use. - Reload Apache without stopping active connections.
Apache’s documentation notes that “Many servers want to be accessible by more than one name. This is possible with the ServerAlias directive.” It also cautions that configuring virtual hosts does not create DNS entries. Treat the DNS and Apache changes as separate deployment steps.
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Prevent the wrong Apache site from answering
Apache first narrows a request by IP address and port, then compares the hostname against ServerName and ServerAlias. If no name matches, Apache uses the first virtual host listed for that address and port. That default can make a correctly resolved alias appear broken because the request displays another site.
Make the intended default explicit where your deployment needs one, and keep virtual-host files in a predictable order. Remove duplicate aliases from other sites. Inspect apachectl -S after every change rather than relying on file names alone.
Add the HTTPS virtual host
Create a matching *:443 virtual host and configure TLS according to your Apache version and distribution. The hostnames in the certificate must include the names users will request:
<VirtualHost *:443>
ServerName example.com
ServerAlias www.example.com example.net www.example.net
DocumentRoot /var/www/example
SSLEngine on
SSLCertificateFile /etc/ssl/example/fullchain.pem
SSLCertificateKeyFile /etc/ssl/example/privkey.pem
</VirtualHost>Keep the certificate chain and private key paths consistent with your certificate-management process. Validate the configuration, reload Apache, and test each hostname independently. An HTTP redirect does not fix a certificate-name mismatch: the browser checks the certificate before it can safely follow that redirect.
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Configure multiple aliases in NGINX
Use one server block for exact names
List all exact hostnames in the same server_name directive when they should serve the same content:
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com example.net www.example.net;
root /var/www/example;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
}
}Preserve the proxy, FastCGI, cache, upload, and security settings required by your application. If two names need different headers, authentication, rate limits, logs, or upstreams, use separate server blocks even if they currently share a document root.
Understand wildcard and regular-expression matching
NGINX accepts exact names, wildcard names such as *.example.com, and regular-expression names. Use a wildcard only for an intentional pattern; it does not mean “all domains.” Matching has defined precedence, so a specific exact name should be preferred when behavior must differ from a wildcard. Regular expressions can make configuration difficult to audit and should be limited to cases that truly need them.
Validate and reload safely
- Place the configuration in the directory included by the main NGINX configuration.
- Run
nginx -tto test syntax and referenced files. - Review the effective server blocks, listen addresses, and included files if a name appears to match unexpectedly.
- Reload NGINX only after the test succeeds.
For HTTPS, add a server block listening on port 443 with the appropriate TLS directives for your installed NGINX version:
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listen 443 ssl;
server_name example.com www.example.com example.net www.example.net;
root /var/www/example;
ssl_certificate /etc/ssl/example/fullchain.pem;
ssl_certificate_key /etc/ssl/example/privkey.pem;
}Some modern deployments use additional TLS parameters or managed certificate includes. Keep those settings consistent with the platform’s current syntax rather than copying directives from an unrelated version.
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Make HTTPS work for every hostname
Cover every browser-visible name
Every hostname that can appear in the address bar must be listed in the certificate selected for that connection. A multi-name certificate can contain separate domains, such as an apex name, its www form, and a second domain. Obtain and renew it as one certificate or as coordinated certificates according to your certificate authority and deployment process.
Know the limits of wildcard certificates
A wildcard certificate for *.example.com covers one subdomain level, such as play.example.com. It does not cover the bare example.com, and it does not cover a deeper name such as eu.play.example.com. Add those names separately or use a certificate set that explicitly includes them.
Understand SNI selection
Server Name Indication (SNI) lets multiple HTTPS virtual servers share an IP address. The client sends the intended hostname during the TLS handshake; the server selects a certificate and then uses the HTTP Host header to route the request. A missing or incorrectly ordered TLS server block can therefore produce the wrong certificate or site even when the HTTP configuration is correct.
Choose and implement canonical redirects
Redirect aliases to one preferred hostname
For legacy names, spelling variants, and search-index consolidation, return a permanent redirect from each alias to the canonical URL. Preserve the path and, where appropriate, the query string. Configure the redirect in the alias virtual host or server block so the request is redirected before application routing.
Test both HTTP and HTTPS aliases. The HTTPS alias still needs a certificate covering that alias because the TLS handshake occurs before the redirect response. Check that the target uses the desired scheme, hostname, and port, and that repeated requests do not bounce between names.
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Serve the same site on every name only deliberately
If aliases remain visible, audit the application rather than stopping at the server configuration. Absolute links, image and script URLs, canonical tags, Open Graph metadata, password-reset messages, cookie domains, CORS allowlists, OAuth callback URLs, and API clients may all embed a hostname. A login cookie scoped to one domain will not automatically authenticate a different domain. Decide whether cross-domain sharing is safe before broadening cookie or CORS settings.
Test each alias from DNS through the application
- Resolve the name: query the relevant
A,AAAA, or CNAME record and verify the returned address. - Test HTTP routing: send a request with the intended
Hostheader to the server address. This separates hostname matching from public DNS propagation. - Test HTTPS by hostname: connect using each real hostname so SNI is sent, then inspect the certificate subject and alternative names.
- Check the response: confirm the expected status code, redirect target, content, cookies, and security headers.
- Read logs: compare access and error logs for unmatched hosts, redirect loops, certificate errors, upstream failures, and application-generated links.
Testing by IP alone is insufficient: it may select the default server and does not reproduce SNI behavior. Test the apex and every alias separately, including IPv6 if an AAAA record exists.
Troubleshoot the common failure modes
The alias resolves but shows another website
Check that the hostname appears exactly in Apache’s ServerName/ServerAlias or NGINX’s server_name. Confirm that the block listens on the address and port reached by DNS. Then inspect Apache’s apachectl -S output or the NGINX configuration for a duplicate name. If no block matches, the default or first-listed virtual host receives the request.
One alias works on HTTP but fails on HTTPS
Verify that port 443 has a matching server block and that the certificate includes the failing hostname. Check SNI by testing with the hostname rather than an IP address. A certificate containing only example.com will not validate www.example.com unless that name is also listed.
DNS checks disagree between networks
Allow for TTL and resolver caching, and verify that old A or AAAA records are not sending some clients to another server. During migration, keep the old endpoint available until caches have expired and the new endpoint has been tested.
Redirects loop or switch domains unexpectedly
Inspect server rewrite rules and application logic together. A proxy or load balancer may terminate TLS and forward a different scheme or host unless forwarding headers are handled consistently. Ensure only one layer owns canonicalization for a given request path, and confirm that the application trusts forwarded host and protocol headers only from known proxies.
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Links, cookies, or APIs use the wrong domain
Search configuration and generated responses for hard-coded absolute URLs. Update canonical metadata, asset URLs, password-reset templates, callback registrations, cookie attributes, and CORS policies to match the selected alias policy. Avoid setting a broad parent-domain cookie unless every subdomain is trusted.
Operational and security checks
- Keep a written inventory of every DNS name, certificate name, virtual-host entry, owner, and intended policy.
- Remove aliases that are no longer registered or controlled; otherwise a future registrant could receive traffic intended for your site.
- Renew certificates before expiration and verify renewal installs the certificate on every relevant HTTPS block.
- Log the original host and forwarded host separately when traffic passes through a proxy, but reject invalid or unexpected hostnames.
- Use separate server blocks for administrative or sensitive services when they need different authentication, network restrictions, or security headers.
- After configuration changes, test syntax first, reload gracefully, and retain a known-good rollback file.
Deployment checklist
- Choose the canonical hostname or explicitly approve serving all aliases.
- List every public hostname and the paths or services it should expose.
- Create and verify DNS records, including IPv6 records only when reachable.
- Add Apache
ServerName/ServerAliasentries or the NGINXserver_namelist. - Confirm the document root, proxy target, permissions, and application settings.
- Validate configuration with
apachectl configtestornginx -t. - Inspect virtual-host or server-block selection, including the default for unmatched names.
- Install a certificate containing every hostname used over HTTPS.
- Reload the server and test HTTP, HTTPS, redirects, content, cookies, and generated links for each alias.
- Monitor logs and renewals after launch.
The Bottom Line
Multiple aliases work reliably when DNS records, hostname matching, TLS certificates, and application URLs are configured as one deliberate design. Apache uses ServerName/ServerAlias; NGINX uses server_name. Validate every name and make the default-server and canonical-redirect policies explicit.
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