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Use wget URL to download a file from a Linux server’s shell. Add -O when you need an exact filename, -P when you need a destination directory, -c to continue an existing partial download, and --limit-rate or -b to control long-running jobs. The examples below show how to choose the right combination without accidentally overwriting files or crawling more of a site than intended.
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What wget does on a Linux server
wget is a non-interactive command-line network downloader. You run it from an SSH session, a local terminal, a scheduled job, or another shell on Linux; it does not provide a graphical download window or require you to stay at a browser page. The command requests the URL, writes the response to disk, and prints progress and errors in the terminal unless you select another mode.
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The GNU Project manual currently surfaced for this guide is GNU Wget 1.25.0. A distribution may ship another release, so check the copy installed on your server before relying on an option:
wget --version
man wget
The manual page on the actual machine is the authority for its installed build, compiled features, and option spelling. The commands in this guide use the long-standing options documented in the GNU manual and common Linux man pages.
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Prepare the destination before downloading
Most wget mistakes are really path or filename mistakes. Confirm where the shell is currently operating and whether the account can write there:
pwd
ls -ld .
df -h
pwd displays the current directory. A bare download is written there by default. ls -ld . helps reveal ownership and permission bits, while df -h shows available filesystem space. For a server image, archive, or other large object, check free space before starting rather than discovering a full filesystem at the end.
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The -p option for mkdir creates missing parent directories and does nothing harmful if the directory already exists. It is independent of wget’s similarly named options.
Download one file
The simplest command
Pass the complete URL as the final argument:
wget https://example.com/releases/game-server.tar.gz
wget saves the response in the current directory, normally using the filename indicated by the URL. When the command finishes successfully, inspect the directory:
ls -lh
This is the right starting point when the URL’s final filename is acceptable and the current directory is the intended destination.
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Choose an exact filename with -O
Use an uppercase letter O followed by the complete output path or filename:
wget -O latest-hugo.zip https://example.com/downloads/hugo.zip
Here the resulting file is named latest-hugo.zip in the current directory, regardless of the name in the URL. A full path also selects the directory:
wget -O /srv/backups/nightly.tar.gz https://example.com/export.tar.gz
Choose a path that the account can write. If a file with that name already exists, treat -O as an explicit replacement instruction and verify the path first; it is not a way to preserve multiple automatically generated names.
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Choose a directory with -P
Use a capital P when you want wget to keep its normal filename behavior but place the result in a particular directory:
wget -P ~/downloads https://example.com/releases/game-server.tar.gz
The downloaded file will be placed under ~/downloads. This is convenient when a URL’s filename is meaningful and you only need to redirect where it is stored.
-O and -P overlap. A full path supplied to -O already specifies the location, so adding -P is redundant; Linuxize notes this as a practical caveat. Pick one clear destination method instead of combining them accidentally.
Option reference for common single-file jobs
| Need | Option | Example | What it changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Download normally | none | wget URL |
Saves in the current directory. |
| Set the output name or full path | -O name |
wget -O latest.zip URL |
Uses the exact name or path you provide. |
| Set only the destination directory | -P dir |
wget -P ~/downloads URL |
Places the normally named file under dir. |
| Continue a partial file | -c |
wget -c URL |
Requests continuation of an earlier local partial download. |
| Throttle transfer speed | --limit-rate=rate |
--limit-rate=200k |
Caps wget’s transfer rate; k and m suffixes represent bytes. |
| Start in the background | -b |
wget -b URL |
Moves wget to the background immediately after startup. |
| Set retry attempts | --tries=N |
--tries=5 URL |
Sets the number of retries; the documented default is 20, while 0 or inf means unlimited retries. |
Resume an interrupted download safely
Continue the same local file
If a transfer stopped and its partial file is still present in the working location, rerun the URL with -c:
wget -c https://example.com/images/disk-image.iso
wget examines the local file and asks the server for the remaining portion when the server supports partial downloads. Run the command from the directory containing that partial file, or use the same destination arrangement you used originally. If you originally selected a custom name with -O, use that same name again:
wget -c -O ~/downloads/disk-image.iso https://example.com/images/disk-image.iso
Keep the local filename, path, and URL consistent. Moving or renaming the partial file means wget may not find the data it is supposed to continue.
When the server cannot resume
Continuation depends on the remote server supporting partial-range downloads. The GNU manual warns that, without that support, wget restarts the transfer and overwrites the existing file completely. This is especially important for multi-gigabyte images: check the server behavior before assuming -c will save time or bandwidth.
If a restart would be unacceptable, stop and investigate the server’s documentation or test with a disposable file first. Do not treat the presence of a local partial file as proof that continuation is available.
Control bandwidth, retries, and process lifetime
Limit the transfer rate
On a shared server, cap the download so it does not consume the entire link:
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wget --limit-rate=200k https://example.com/assets/patch.zip
The documented syntax accepts byte-rate suffixes such as k and m. A 500 KB/s cap can be used for a larger scheduled transfer:
wget --limit-rate=500k -P ~/downloads https://example.com/assets/archive.tar
The cap affects wget’s own transfer. It does not reserve bandwidth for other services or guarantee a particular completion time.
Run wget in the background
Add -b when the command should return control of the shell immediately:
wget -b https://example.com/assets/large-file.iso
wget switches to the background after startup. Keep the terminal session available long enough to confirm that startup succeeded, then monitor the output and destination file using normal shell tools. The exact background log filename is implementation-dependent enough that you should consult man wget for the installed version rather than assuming one.
Choose a retry policy
The documented default is 20 attempts. Set a finite value when a job should fail rather than retry indefinitely:
wget --tries=5 https://example.com/assets/update.bin
Use --tries=0 or --tries=inf for unlimited retries when an unattended job is intentionally allowed to continue until the server responds. Unlimited retries can leave a scheduled process running far longer than expected, so pair them with an operational timeout or monitoring policy outside wget if your environment requires one.
Download a directory tree with recursion
Understand what -r does
Recursion tells wget to follow links and retrieve a directory tree rather than one object:
wget -r https://example.com/gallery/
The default maximum recursion depth is 5. Use -l depth to set a different limit. -l 0 or -l inf removes the depth limit:
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Start with a small, explicit depth when you are learning a site’s structure. Unlimited depth can generate a very large job and may traverse links you did not intend to collect.
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Keep wget below the starting directory
Add --no-parent when the starting URL represents a directory and wget must not climb to its parent:
wget -r -l 2 --no-parent https://example.com/gallery/
Without this boundary, links leading above the starting path can expand the download beyond the directory you selected. Keep the trailing slash on a directory URL so the scope is unambiguous.
Filter by file type
Use --accept to include extensions or --reject to exclude them. For an image gallery:
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The comma-separated list limits the files wget stores, while recursion still determines which links it examines. Test the pattern on a shallow directory before launching a large crawl.
Protect a shared server during recursion
Recursive jobs create many requests and can consume substantial disk space and bandwidth. Set a sensible depth, add --limit-rate when appropriate, and inspect the destination between runs. Deep recursion is heavy and may be blocked by a web server; a smaller, targeted download is usually easier to control.
Mirror a website for local viewing
--mirror is a convenience combination equivalent to -r -N -l inf --no-remove-listing. It enables recursion without a depth limit and uses timestamp checking, so it should be treated as a broad synchronization-style operation rather than a single-file download.
For a local copy that includes the assets required by pages and rewrites links for offline viewing, combine it with -p and -k:
wget --mirror -p -k https://example.com/
-p: fetches page requisites.-k: converts links for local viewing.
Scope a mirror carefully. Start from the intended site or directory URL, consider --no-parent when the starting point is below the domain root, and use a rate limit on a shared connection:
wget --mirror --no-parent --limit-rate=500k -P ~/site-copy https://example.com/docs/
Because --mirror implies unlimited recursion, do not use it as a substitute for a bounded -r -l depth command when you only need a few levels.
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Combine options for a long-running server job
Options can be combined to express the operational requirements of one transfer. This example starts in the background, retries five times, limits speed to 500 KB/s, and stores the result under a chosen directory:
wget -b --tries=5 --limit-rate=500k -P ~/downloads https://example.com/file.iso
Read the command from left to right before pressing Enter:
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-breturns the shell after wget starts.--tries=5prevents more than five attempts.--limit-rate=500kcaps the transfer rate at 500 kilobytes per second.-P ~/downloadsselects the destination directory.- The URL identifies the remote object.
Use -c in the same pattern only when you are deliberately continuing an existing partial file and have confirmed that the server supports partial downloads:
wget -b -c --tries=5 --limit-rate=500k -P ~/downloads https://example.com/file.iso
Practical command recipes
| Situation | Command | Why this form fits |
|---|---|---|
| One file in the current directory | wget https://example.com/file.zip |
Uses the URL’s normal filename and current directory. |
| Stable name for a script | wget -O current.zip https://example.com/releases/file.zip |
Downstream scripts can always refer to current.zip. |
| Keep downloads together | wget -P ~/downloads https://example.com/file.zip |
Changes the directory without changing normal naming. |
| Continue after a dropped connection | wget -c https://example.com/file.iso |
Uses the partial local file if the server supports continuation. |
| Shared connection | wget --limit-rate=200k https://example.com/file.iso |
Applies a 200 KB/s cap. |
| Unattended but bounded retries | wget -b --tries=5 URL |
Starts in the background and stops after five attempts. |
| Two levels of a directory | wget -r -l 2 --no-parent https://example.com/files/ |
Recurses to depth 2 without climbing above /files/. |
| Selected image types | wget -r --accept=jpg,png,gif https://example.com/gallery/ |
Recurses while accepting the listed extensions. |
| Offline-oriented site copy | wget --mirror -p -k https://example.com/ |
Uses mirror recursion, fetches page requisites, and rewrites links. |
Troubleshoot the result
The file is in the wrong place
Run pwd before a bare download. If you used -P, verify that the directory exists and is writable. If you used -O, inspect the complete path in that option; a full path there takes precedence over any expectation that -P will relocate it.
The command says permission denied
The account cannot write to the selected directory or replace the selected filename. Choose a directory under your home folder, create a writable staging directory, or have an administrator assign the required permissions. Avoid changing permissions broadly just to make one download work.
-c starts over
Confirm that the partial file still exists under the expected name and that you are running wget in the directory containing it. Then check whether the remote server supports partial downloads. If it does not, wget’s documented behavior is to restart and overwrite the file.
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Replace unlimited or broad recursion with -r -l depth --no-parent, lower the depth, and add --accept or --reject filters. A mirror intentionally uses unlimited recursion, so use bounded recursion when the target is a small subset.
The transfer overwhelms the connection
Add --limit-rate=200k or another rate appropriate to the server. For a very large job, combine the cap with a finite --tries value and monitor the destination’s free space.
You cannot tell which version is running
Use wget --version and read man wget. Distribution packages can differ from the GNU manual version 1.25.0, and the local manual documents the behavior you actually have.
A preflight checklist
- Confirm the URL, current directory, destination path, and available disk space.
- Choose one naming strategy: normal URL naming,
-Ofor an exact path, or-Pfor a directory. - Use
-conly for a matching local partial file and a server that supports continuation. - Set
--limit-rateon shared links or when a large transfer should be restrained. - Set
--tries=Nwhen an unattended job must have a finite retry budget. - For recursion, choose a depth, add
--no-parent, and filter extensions when appropriate. - Reserve
--mirrorfor an intentionally broad, unlimited recursive copy. - After completion, use
ls -lhand the application that will consume the file to confirm the expected name and location.
Which wget command should you use?
For a normal one-file transfer, begin with wget URL. Add -O when another command requires a predictable filename, or -P when organization by directory matters more than renaming. Recover an interrupted transfer with -c only after checking the server’s partial-download capability. Use --limit-rate and -b for long jobs that must share resources or survive the end of an interactive shell, and use bounded recursion instead of an unrestricted mirror whenever you need only part of a site.
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