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The exact Linux user, group, ACL, and numeric mode depend on your distribution and PHP-FPM pool. Verify those values on the server instead of applying a universal chmod 777 command.
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A Laravel release is more than a collection of web files. The framework’s front controller is in public/index.php, while application code, configuration, templates, routes, dependencies, and runtime data live beside it. Nginx should expose only the public directory; requests for dynamic pages are then passed to the front controller.
| Directory | Purpose | Runtime write requirement |
|---|---|---|
app/ |
Application classes and most domain code. | Read-only for PHP-FPM in a normal deployment. |
bootstrap/ |
Framework bootstrap files. | The bootstrap/cache/ subdirectory must be writable for generated cache files. |
config/ |
Configuration files loaded by the application. | Read-only after deployment configuration is complete. |
database/ |
Migrations, factories, and seeders. | Read-only for the web process; migration commands run under a deployment or maintenance identity. |
public/ |
Front controller and browser-facing assets. | Usually read-only; deploy new assets through your release process. |
resources/ |
Blade views and raw, uncompiled assets. | Read-only at runtime. |
routes/ |
HTTP, console, and other route definitions. | Read-only at runtime. |
storage/ |
Logs, compiled Blade templates, file sessions, file caches, and generated application files. | Writable by the PHP-FPM or web-server account. |
storage/app/public/ |
Files on the public disk that should be reachable through a URL. | Writable when the application accepts uploads. |
vendor/ |
Composer-installed dependencies. | Read-only at runtime; update it during deployment. |
Laravel divides storage/ into application data, framework-generated data, and logs. A request can therefore fail even when the application code is readable: writing a log entry, compiling a Blade view, creating a file session, or rebuilding a cache still requires directory permissions.
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Why the Nginx root must be public/
Set the virtual host’s root to the absolute path ending in /public. If the root is the project directory, a misconfigured location can expose .env, source files, Composer metadata, or configuration. Secrets in .env can include database credentials, signing keys, and third-party tokens; they should never be downloadable by a browser.
A minimal server block follows Laravel’s documented front-controller pattern. Replace paths, the PHP-FPM socket, and the server name with values from your VPS:
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server {
listen 80;
server_name example.test;
root /srv/www/example/current/public;
index index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$query_string;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}
location ~ /. {
deny all;
}
}The try_files directive serves an existing asset directly and sends other paths to public/index.php. SCRIPT_FILENAME must resolve to the actual PHP file, and fastcgi_pass must match the PHP-FPM version and pool installed on the server. A socket path copied from another distribution may silently point to nothing.
Check the effective document root
- Find the enabled Nginx site configuration and confirm its
rootends in/public. - Check that
public/index.phpexists under that path. - Inspect the PHP-FPM service or pool configuration to identify its operating user and socket.
- Reload Nginx only after configuration syntax validation with your distribution’s Nginx test command.
Never solve a 404 or routing problem by changing the root to the project directory. Correct the try_files rule, the release path, or the PHP-FPM mapping instead.
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Which paths need write permission?
Laravel’s deployment guidance specifically requires the web-server process owner to write to storage/ and bootstrap/cache/. Those are the two paths to design around. The runtime account normally needs read and execute access through the rest of the release tree so PHP can load classes, configuration, routes, and views, but it does not need broad write access to those files.
storage/
Grant write and directory traversal permission recursively where Laravel creates files. This includes logs, framework caches, compiled views, file-based sessions, and application-generated files. If the application stores uploads on the local public disk, include storage/app/public/ in the writable tree.
bootstrap/cache/
Laravel writes generated service, package, route, and configuration cache artifacts here. A deployment can appear healthy until an optimization command or a cache rebuild runs, then fail with “permission denied” because this directory is owned by a different account or lacks group write permission.
Everything else
Keep source, configuration, migrations, routes, resources, and Composer dependencies read-only to the runtime account where practical. The deployment identity can still write a new release, run Composer, build assets, and execute migrations. Separating those responsibilities limits the damage if a web process is compromised.
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Build a least-privilege ownership model
First determine the effective PHP-FPM identity. Depending on the distribution and pool, it may be www-data, nginx, or a pool-specific user. Check the pool configuration rather than assuming a name. Also identify the account that performs deployments. A controlled deployment user plus a runtime group makes permissions predictable.
One common design is: the deployment user owns each release; the runtime account belongs to a shared application group; files are group-readable; and only storage/ and bootstrap/cache/ are group-writable. The exact numeric modes are a policy choice, not a Laravel requirement. Apply them to the target system after confirming its umask, service account, and release layout.
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- Make application files readable by PHP-FPM without making them writable.
- Set group ownership on the two mutable directories and preserve it for newly created files.
- Use POSIX ACLs when several deployment, queue, and web identities need different access levels.
- Do not grant write access to the entire project merely because one subdirectory is failing.
POSIX groups are portable and easy to audit. ACLs provide finer control for multiple pools or workers, but they add another layer to inspect during troubleshooting. Whichever model you choose, document it with the release process so a new deployment does not reset ownership.
Why chmod -R 777 is the wrong fix
Mode 777 allows every local user and process to read, write, and enter the affected files and directories. It is substantially broader than Laravel’s documented requirement and can let an unrelated service alter application code, inject files, or replace generated data. It also hides the underlying ownership problem, so a later deployment may fail again.
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Instead, identify the failing path from the exception, inspect ownership and mode with the server’s file-information tools, and grant write access to the PHP-FPM identity only where Laravel needs it. If a queue worker runs under a separate user, include that identity deliberately through a group or ACL rather than opening the whole tree.
Public uploads and the storage link
Files placed on Laravel’s public disk are stored under storage/app/public. They are not automatically reachable at a URL because that directory is outside Nginx’s document root. Run this command from the project directory when public access is intended:
php artisan storage:linkThe command creates public/storage as a link to storage/app/public. Confirm that the link target exists, that Nginx can traverse each parent directory, and that the web server is configured to serve the resulting path. Do not use this mechanism for private documents; keep private files outside the public disk and deliver them through authorization-controlled application responses or a private storage service.
Release directories, shared paths, and rollback safety
A single mutable directory is simple, but a release-based layout is safer for rollback. A typical arrangement has immutable directories such as /srv/www/example/releases/20261015-1200, a current symlink, and shared writable paths for storage and the environment file. Point Nginx at current/public, then switch the symlink atomically after the new release passes checks.
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When using releases, do not let each deployment create an unrelated empty storage directory. Either share the existing storage path or provision it with the same ownership, group, and ACL policy before switching current. Keep .env outside the release archive or link it into the release with permissions that prevent web downloads. A rollback should restore code and cached artifacts consistently, not leave the previous release writing into a directory owned by the new release.
Cache and configuration steps after permissions are correct
Laravel reads environment values while building configuration. After configuration is cached, calls to env() outside configuration files return null; therefore, set and verify .env before creating the cache.
- Install dependencies and prepare the release as the deployment identity.
- Verify the runtime can read the release and write
storage/andbootstrap/cache/. - Set the production environment values, including the application key and database connection.
- Run
php artisan optimize, or run the individualconfig:cache,event:cache,route:cache, andview:cachecommands appropriate to the application. - Run
php artisan storage:linkwhen public uploads are part of the application. - Switch the Nginx target or release symlink, then reload PHP-FPM and Nginx using the host’s service manager.
Run cache commands as an identity that can write the target directories. If a deployment user creates root-owned cache files, the web process may be unable to refresh them on the next request.
Diagnose common permission and routing failures
“Permission denied” in a log or cache operation
- Read the complete path in the exception; distinguish
storagefrombootstrap/cache. - Check ownership, group, mode, and ACL entries for every parent directory.
- Confirm the PHP-FPM user, not merely the SSH user, has the required access.
- Check whether a deployment, cleanup job, or release switch recently recreated the directory with different ownership.
- Fix the narrow path and preserve its group or ACL for future files.
Assets work but application routes return 404
Confirm Nginx uses .../public as its root and that the location block contains the front-controller try_files rule. Check that the requested route is defined and that PHP-FPM is reachable through the configured socket.
The application downloads .env or source files
Stop serving the project root immediately. Change the root to public/, deny dotfiles, review enabled server blocks, and invalidate any exposed credentials. A deny rule is useful defense in depth, but it does not replace the correct document root.
Uploads save successfully but return broken URLs
Verify the storage link, its target, URL configuration, and directory traversal permissions. A successful write to storage/app/public does not prove that Nginx can serve public/storage.
Deployment checklist
- Nginx root is the absolute Laravel
public/directory. - Requests fall back to
public/index.phpthroughtry_files. - PHP-FPM’s actual socket and process identity are verified.
- Dotfiles and the project root are not publicly served.
- The runtime can write
storage/andbootstrap/cache/, but not the rest of the release. - Public uploads use
php artisan storage:linkonly when they are meant to be public. .envand configuration are correct before cache commands run.- Deployment, queue, and web identities share only the permissions each requires.
- PHP-FPM and Nginx are reloaded through the host’s service manager after a successful release.
Self-managed VPS or managed server setup?
A self-managed VPS gives you control over the operating system, PHP-FPM pools, filesystem layout, firewall, and deployment tooling, but you must maintain those components and audit permissions yourself. Laravel Forge is a server-management platform that can install and manage Nginx, PHP-related services, databases, Redis, Memcached, and Beanstalk. A managed setup can reduce initial configuration work; it does not remove the need to understand the application’s document root, writable directories, secrets, and release process. Whichever route you use, verify the resulting server rather than assuming a control panel’s defaults match your Laravel version or deployment layout.
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