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For most Linux VPS users, SFTP over SSH is the best default. It encrypts both authentication and file contents, uses the SSH access your server already needs, and works from either a terminal or a graphical client. Use scp for a quick one-off copy, rsync over SSH for repeated deployments or directory synchronization, and FileZilla over SFTP if you prefer a desktop interface. Do not use plain FTP for sensitive transfers: it sends credentials and transferred data without encryption.
The examples below use an account named user, a host named vps.example, an Ed25519 key at ~/.ssh/id_ed25519, and typical game-server paths. Replace those values with your own account, hostname or IP address, key, and destination.
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Choose the transfer method that matches the job
The right tool depends less on the file type than on how often you transfer files and whether you need a visual file browser.
- A few files, one time: use
scp. - Interactive uploads and downloads: use OpenSSH
sftp. - Repeated deployments or large directory trees: use
rsyncover SSH. - No command-line comfort: use FileZilla configured for SFTP.
- Security-sensitive work: use SFTP, SCP, or rsync over SSH with key authentication; avoid plain FTP.
| Method | Encryption and authentication | Best fit | Interface | Directory and transfer features documented for the method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SFTP | SSH encryption and SSH authentication | General-purpose transfers and browsing | Interactive terminal or client application | Recursive transfers, resume attempts, permission and timestamp preservation, and bandwidth limiting are described in current Ubuntu documentation. |
| SCP | SSH encryption and the same authentication used for an SSH login | Quick one-off file or directory copies | Terminal command | Copies files between hosts; directory copies are supported with the recursive option. |
| rsync over SSH | SSH encryption and authentication for the connection | Repeated deployments and synchronization of directory trees | Terminal command | A typical workflow sends only changed data; the cited documentation does not publish a controlled speed benchmark. |
| FileZilla over SFTP | SFTP provides SSH encryption | Graphical drag-and-drop transfers | Desktop GUI | Uses a saved site profile, selected private key, and visual local/remote browsing. |
| Plain FTP | Credentials and transferred data are not encrypted | Not recommended for secure VPS transfers | Terminal or GUI | Use OpenSSH/SFTP instead when confidentiality matters. |
There is no reliable universal “fastest” choice in the available documentation. Network distance, disk speed, encryption settings, file sizes, and the number of files all affect a transfer, so choose based on workflow and security rather than an unsupported speed ranking.
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Why SFTP over SSH is the safest default
SFTP is the file-transfer subsystem of OpenSSH. Ubuntu’s sftp documentation defines it as a program that performs all operations over an encrypted ssh(1) transport. That means your password or key exchange and the file contents travel through the same protected SSH connection used for remote administration.
SFTP is also flexible. An interactive session lets you list remote directories, change directories, upload with put, and download with get. Current Ubuntu documentation describes recursive transfers, attempts to resume interrupted transfers, preservation of permissions and timestamps, and bandwidth limiting. Those capabilities make SFTP suitable for game-server configuration files, save archives, mods, logs, and ordinary office files without introducing a separate FTP service.
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Prepare the VPS and your local computer
Before choosing a transfer command, verify that both ends have the required SSH components and that you can log in normally.
Install the SSH components
Your local computer needs an OpenSSH client. The VPS needs an OpenSSH server. Ubuntu documents the openssh-client and openssh-server packages. On an Ubuntu VPS, an administrator can install them with:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install openssh-client openssh-server
On many desktop Linux systems, the client is already present. Do not assume that a file-transfer failure means the file tool is broken; first check that an ordinary SSH connection works.
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Generate a key on your local computer with:
ssh-keygen -t ed25519
Ubuntu recommends Ed25519 because the key has a shorter size and lower computational requirements than older alternatives. Accept the default path if it is suitable, and set a passphrase where practical. The private key stays on your local computer; never upload it to the VPS or disclose it.
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Install the public key on the VPS
The public half of the pair is normally installed in the account’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys file. If you already have password-based SSH access, DigitalOcean documents ssh-copy-id for installing the key on an existing server:
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub [email protected]
If your system does not provide ssh-copy-id, an administrator can append the contents of ~/.ssh/id_ed25519.pub to the remote account’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, preserving the account’s ownership and restrictive permissions.
Test SSH before testing file transfer
Confirm authentication independently:
ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 [email protected]
If this login fails, fix the hostname, username, firewall, SSH service, key path, or account permissions before trying SFTP, SCP, or rsync. A successful shell login proves that the transport and authentication are working; it does not by itself prove that the destination directory is writable.
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SFTP is the best all-around terminal workflow when you need to browse more than one remote directory or move files in both directions.
Open a session with your key
sftp -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 [email protected]
After authentication, you receive an sftp> prompt. The local working directory is the directory from which you started the command, while the remote working directory begins in the account’s home directory.
Browse local and remote paths
Use the familiar directory commands inside the session:
pwd # show the current remote directory
lpwd # show the current local directory
ls # list remote files
lls # list local files
cd /srv/game # change the remote directory
lcd ~/game-build # change the local directory
Keeping both paths visible prevents a common mistake: uploading a file from an unexpected local folder or placing it in the wrong remote directory.
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Upload and download files
Upload a local file to an explicit remote path:
put local-file /remote/path/
Download a remote file to the current local directory:
get /remote/path/server-config.ini
Use the remote account’s writable directories. A system-owned game directory may reject a direct upload even when SSH login succeeds. In that case, upload to the account’s home directory and have an administrator move the file with the appropriate privileges, rather than weakening directory ownership broadly.
Transfer directories and preserve the right state
Current Ubuntu SFTP documentation describes recursive transfers and preservation of permissions and timestamps. Use the client’s recursive option when moving a directory tree, and confirm the destination before starting so that a save folder or configuration tree is not nested one level deeper than intended. For production services, stop or quiesce the service before replacing files that it may be writing; otherwise the service can overwrite the upload or leave a partially updated state.
Handle interruptions and throttling
Ubuntu’s current documentation describes attempts to resume interrupted transfers and a bandwidth-limiting capability. A resume attempt is useful for a large archive over an unstable connection, but verify the resulting file before replacing a live copy. If other players or services share the VPS connection, use SFTP’s bandwidth control rather than allowing a transfer to consume all available capacity.
End the session cleanly
bye
You can also use exit or press Ctrl-D. The remote SSH session closes without requiring a separate FTP daemon.
Use SCP for a quick one-off copy
scp is convenient when you know the exact source and destination and do not need an interactive browser. Ubuntu describes it as copying files between hosts using SSH for data transfer and the same authentication as an SSH login.
Copy a file to the VPS
scp -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ./backup.tar.gz [email protected]:/srv/backups/
The command authenticates, transfers the archive, and exits. It is well suited to sending a release archive, a one-time save backup, or a single configuration file.
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Copy a directory
Use recursive copying for a directory tree:
scp -r -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519 ./game-config/ [email protected]:/srv/game/
Check the destination spelling carefully. SCP is deliberately simple: it does not give you the same interactive browsing workflow as SFTP, and the cited Ubuntu material does not establish resume behavior or metadata-preservation guarantees for a failed copy. For a transfer that must be repeated or reconciled, use rsync instead.
Use rsync over SSH for repeated deployments
Rsync is the practical choice when you repeatedly publish a directory tree, such as a staging build, a mod collection, or a set of server assets. In a typical rsync workflow, only changed data needs to be sent. The connection can run over SSH, so the transfer retains SSH authentication and encryption.
Synchronize a local directory
rsync -r -e "ssh -i ~/.ssh/id_ed25519" ./game-data/ [email protected]:/srv/game-data/
The trailing slash on ./game-data/ means “copy the contents of this directory.” Omitting it changes the resulting directory layout, so decide whether the remote result should be /srv/game-data/file or /srv/game-data/game-data/file before running the command.
Use rsync safely in a deployment routine
- Test SSH with the same account and key.
- Run an initial transfer to a staging directory on the VPS.
- Inspect ownership, permissions, and the resulting directory layout.
- Stop or pause the game service if it writes files during deployment.
- Synchronize the approved tree, then restart or reload the service according to its own documentation.
Rsync is a synchronization tool, not a replacement for backups. Keep a separate copy of saves and configuration before deploying changes, and do not add destructive deletion options until you fully understand which side is authoritative. The available canonical documentation lists rsync as a command-line option but does not provide a controlled performance benchmark, so treat “only changed data” as a workflow behavior rather than a guaranteed speed ranking.
Use FileZilla when you want a graphical client
DigitalOcean recommends FileZilla as a free, open-source, cross-platform graphical option for newer users and documents configuring it for SFTP. The important detail is selecting SFTP, not plain FTP.
Configure the site
- Open FileZilla’s Site Manager.
- Create a new site entry for the VPS.
- Set the protocol to SFTP – SSH File Transfer Protocol.
- Enter the VPS hostname or IP address, SSH port, username, and the account’s authentication details.
- Add the private key generated for this account when FileZilla prompts for the key file.
- Connect and verify the remote path shown in the right-hand pane before dragging files.
FileZilla’s two-pane layout shows local files on one side and remote files on the other. Drag a file or directory to upload, or reverse the direction to download. Use the transfer queue to watch success and failure messages, and do not close the application until the queue reports completion.
Common GUI mistakes
- Choosing FTP instead of SFTP removes the SSH protection you intended to use.
- Loading the public key instead of the private key prevents authentication.
- Opening the wrong remote directory can make a successful upload appear “missing.”
- A permission error means the logged-in account cannot write to that directory; it is not fixed by repeatedly retrying the transfer.
Why plain FTP is a poor choice for a VPS
Ubuntu’s FTP documentation states that FTP does not encrypt credentials or transferred data and points users seeking secure transfer toward SFTP in the OpenSSH-Server documentation. Anyone able to observe that connection could potentially read a password, file contents, or both.
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Installing an FTP service merely to support an older client also adds another network-facing daemon to maintain. For a VPS containing game saves, user uploads, SSH keys, or configuration secrets, use SFTP, SCP, or rsync over SSH instead. If a legacy application requires FTP, isolate it and evaluate its security separately rather than treating plain FTP as equivalent to SFTP; the protocols have different protection properties.
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Troubleshoot the failures you are most likely to see
“Connection refused” or a timeout
- Confirm the VPS hostname or IP address.
- Check that the SSH server is installed and running.
- Verify the SSH port and any VPS firewall or cloud firewall rule.
- Test with ordinary
sshbefore testing the file tool.
“Permission denied” during upload
Authentication and filesystem authorization are separate. Confirm that the remote account owns the destination or has write permission. Upload to the account’s home directory as a diagnostic; if that works, the original path needs an administrator to correct ownership or permissions.
The key is rejected
Use the private key with -i, not the .pub file. Check that the corresponding public key is present in the target account’s ~/.ssh/authorized_keys, that you are using the correct username, and that the key’s passphrase is available.
The file arrived in the wrong place
Print the remote working directory with pwd, use an absolute destination path, and remember the rsync trailing-slash rule. A successful transfer can still be operationally wrong if the service reads a different directory.
The transfer stops partway through
Check the local connection, available disk space on the VPS, and the transfer queue or terminal error. SFTP’s documented resume attempts can help with interrupted transfers; for a directory that changes repeatedly, rsync is usually more appropriate than restarting a series of SCP commands.
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- Use SFTP, SCP, or rsync over SSH rather than plain FTP.
- Prefer an Ed25519 key created with
ssh-keygen -t ed25519. - Protect the private key with a passphrase where practical and never copy it to the VPS.
- Test normal SSH access before diagnosing a transfer command.
- Use a dedicated account with only the filesystem permissions it needs.
- Confirm the destination path and service state before replacing live files.
- Keep independent backups of saves, configuration, and release archives.
- Verify the remote result and ownership after every deployment.
Bottom line
SFTP over SSH is the strongest general recommendation: it is encrypted, already supported by the SSH access used to administer a Linux VPS, and available in both terminal and graphical forms. Choose SCP when the task is a single known copy, rsync over SSH when you repeatedly synchronize a directory tree, and FileZilla configured specifically for SFTP when you want a visual workflow. Plain FTP is not an equivalent fallback because it leaves credentials and transferred data unencrypted.
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