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What the finished deployment looks like
Docker packages the Node.js runtime, your application code, its dependencies, configuration, and runtime requirements into a portable container image. The same image can run on a developer laptop, a CI runner, and the VPS, reducing differences between environments.
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Keep the public surface small. Nginx listens on the VPS’s public interfaces at ports 80 and 443, terminates TLS, and forwards requests to Node.js on an internal address such as 127.0.0.1:3000 or a private Docker network. Do not publish the application port to the internet unless you have a specific, documented reason.
| Layer | Responsibility | Public? |
|---|---|---|
| DNS | Points the domain’s A and, if used, AAAA records to the VPS | Public lookup |
| Nginx | Accepts HTTP/HTTPS, terminates TLS, forwards proxy headers, and routes traffic | Ports 80 and 443 |
| Docker Compose | Runs the application image, environment, volumes, health check, and restart policy | No direct listener required |
| Node.js | Serves the application and a cheap health endpoint such as /healthz |
Internal port 3000 |
| Database and files | Stores state in named volumes or an external managed service | Never expose a database port by default |
Decide the deployment boundaries before installing anything
Record the VPS characteristics
Choose a current supported Ubuntu LTS image and record its region, CPU architecture, memory, disk size, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and snapshot policy. Architecture matters when an image contains native Node modules: an image built for linux/amd64 will not necessarily run on an ARM VPS without a multi-platform build. Disk capacity must include the operating system, Docker’s image cache, logs, databases, uploads, and temporary build files.
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Choose where state will live
Containers are replaceable. Databases, user uploads, generated media, and other data that must survive replacement belong in a named Docker volume or an external database/object-storage service. A volume survives container replacement, but it is not a backup: keep encrypted copies elsewhere and regularly restore them to a clean volume or staging VPS.
Choose a release identifier
Build in CI, scan the image there, and tag it with an immutable identifier such as a commit ID. The VPS should pull that exact tag. A floating latest tag makes it difficult to prove which code is running and makes rollback ambiguous.
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- Create a non-root administrator. Log in with the provider’s initial account, create a separate user with
sudoaccess, and install your SSH public key for that user. - Require key-based SSH. Test a second session with the new key before changing SSH settings. Keep an emergency console or provider recovery method available.
- Apply updates. Update the Ubuntu package index and installed packages, then reboot if the kernel or other system components require it.
- Set the host name and time zone. Consistent host names and timestamps make logs and incident reports easier to interpret.
- Decide backup destinations. Select storage outside the VPS for database dumps, encrypted volume copies, and configuration needed to recreate the service.
Do not put application secrets in shell history, a Dockerfile, a committed .env file, or an image layer. Keep runtime secrets in a protected deployment environment or a dedicated secret manager.
Install Docker Engine from Docker’s Ubuntu repository
Use Docker’s official apt-repository method for a production host. Docker describes its convenience script as intended for testing and development; it can cause unexpected major upgrades, so it is not the appropriate default for a production VPS.
- Follow Docker’s Ubuntu repository instructions for your Ubuntu release and architecture.
- Install the Engine and Compose components:
docker-ce,docker-ce-cli,containerd.io,docker-buildx-plugin, anddocker-compose-plugin. - Check the daemon:
sudo systemctl status docker. - Run Docker’s verification image:
sudo docker run hello-world. - Confirm the client and Compose plugin versions with
docker versionanddocker compose version.
You can add your deployment user to the docker group to avoid typing sudo, but membership is effectively root-equivalent. Use it only for trusted administrators and review that access as carefully as shell access.
Build a production Node.js image
Pin the base image deliberately
Use a versioned Node image and update it intentionally. The following example uses node:24-bookworm for the build stage and node:24-bookworm-slim for runtime. Node 24 is illustrative; select the major and minor version your application supports, test it in CI, and keep the chosen tag in source control.
FROM node:24-bookworm AS build
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci
COPY . .
RUN npm run build
FROM node:24-bookworm-slim AS runtime
ENV NODE_ENV=production
WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --omit=dev && npm cache clean --force
COPY --from=build /app/dist ./dist
USER node
EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "dist/index.js"]
The multi-stage build keeps compilers, development dependencies, and source files out of the runtime image. If your project does not produce a dist directory, change the build output and command to match it. The application must listen on 0.0.0.0 inside the container, not only on localhost, or the proxy will not be able to connect.
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Make dependency installation reproducible
npm ci requires a committed lockfile and installs the versions recorded there. The runtime stage uses npm ci --omit=dev so development packages are not included. If a native dependency needs compilation, build it in the build stage and verify that the resulting artifacts are compatible with the runtime image.
Add a .dockerignore
node_modules
npm-debug.log*
dist
.env
.env.*
logs
coverage
.git
.DS_Store
Keep local dependencies, build output, logs, credentials, and repository metadata out of the build context. A .dockerignore is not a secret-management system; it simply reduces the chance that sensitive files enter an image build.
Keep secrets out of image layers
Supply database passwords, signing keys, API tokens, and other secrets at runtime through the deployment environment or a secret manager. Do not use ARG or a copied secret file in a Dockerfile: image layers and build caches can retain those values even after a later layer deletes the file.
Run the image with Docker Compose on the VPS
Place a deployment directory on the VPS containing compose.yaml and a protected .env.production. This Compose file keeps the application off the public interface, restarts it after failures or daemon restarts, and persists application data in a named volume.
services:
app:
image: registry.example.com/my-node-app:${APP_TAG}
restart: unless-stopped
env_file:
- .env.production
expose:
- "3000"
volumes:
- app-data:/app/data
healthcheck:
test: ["CMD", "node", "-e", "const http=require('http');const r=http.get('http://127.0.0.1:3000/healthz',x=>process.exit(x.statusCode===200?0:1));r.on('error',()=>process.exit(1));"]
interval: 30s
timeout: 5s
retries: 3
start_period: 20s
volumes:
app-data:
expose documents and shares the port with other containers without publishing it on the VPS. The health check assumes that /healthz returns HTTP 200 without performing an expensive database migration or external API call. Keep that endpoint cheap enough to run frequently.
Docker documents unless-stopped as restarting a container after an exit or daemon restart while respecting an intentional manual stop. It is generally suitable for a single VPS application: a crash is restarted, but an administrator can stop the service for maintenance without it immediately returning.
Protect the environment file
Restrict ownership and permissions on .env.production, and ensure it is excluded from version control. Keep the exact environment file used by the previous release so a rollback does not accidentally combine old code with incompatible settings.
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Put Nginx in front of Node.js
Install Nginx on the host and create a server block for the application’s domain. The proxy should forward the original host, client address, and protocol so the application can generate correct URLs and log the real client address.
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
location / {
proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:3000;
proxy_http_version 1.1;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;
}
}
The exact upstream address depends on your network design. If Nginx runs on the host, publishing the application only to loopback is safer than binding it to every interface. If Nginx runs in a dedicated proxy container, put both services on a private Docker network and use the Compose service name as the upstream.
Configure the Node framework to trust the proxy only in the way its documentation specifies. Trusting arbitrary forwarded headers can allow clients to spoof scheme or address information when the proxy boundary is not enforced.
Point DNS to the VPS and enable HTTPS
Verify DNS first
Create the domain’s A record for the VPS IPv4 address and an AAAA record only when IPv6 is configured and reachable. Confirm that both names resolve to the intended machine before requesting a certificate. An incorrect AAAA record can make some users reach a different or unreachable server even when IPv4 works.
Run Certbot’s Nginx integration
- SSH to the VPS with the administrator account.
- Install Certbot using the documented installation method for your Ubuntu system; the current Nginx instructions recommend the snap package.
- Run
sudo certbot --nginxand select the domain names configured in Nginx. - Allow Certbot to install the certificate and the HTTPS server-block changes it proposes.
- Test the renewal process with
sudo certbot renew --dry-run.
Keep DNS-provider credentials secret. Credentials that can change DNS records may be sufficient to take over a site, so use a narrowly scoped token when automated DNS validation is required and protect its storage.
After certificate issuance, test both HTTP behavior and HTTPS behavior. Decide whether HTTP should redirect to HTTPS, and verify that WebSocket or long-lived connections receive the proxy settings required by your application.
Apply firewall rules that account for Docker
At the host edge, allow SSH only from trusted addresses where practical, and allow HTTP and HTTPS. Do not allow database ports, development servers, or the Node port to the internet.
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- Permit SSH from the administrator network or VPN rather than the entire internet when feasible.
- Permit TCP 80 and 443 for the Nginx edge.
- Keep application, database, cache, and metrics ports private.
- Configure both IPv4 and IPv6 intentionally; an unfiltered IPv6 listener defeats an IPv4-only firewall plan.
Docker warns that published container ports can bypass uncomplicated firewall (ufw) or firewalld expectations because Docker installs its own packet-filtering rules. Review Docker’s documented iptables/ip6tables approach and use the DOCKER-USER chain for policies that must be applied before Docker’s forwarding rules. Verify from an external network that only the intended ports answer and that the application cannot be reached by bypassing Nginx.
Deploy an immutable release
Build and publish in CI
- Run tests and the production build in CI.
- Build the image for the VPS architecture, or publish a multi-platform manifest when more than one architecture is supported.
- Scan the image and fail the release according to your vulnerability policy.
- Tag the image with the commit ID or another immutable release identifier.
- Push that tag to your registry.
Pull and start on the VPS
- Set
APP_TAGin the protected deployment environment to the new immutable tag. - Authenticate the VPS to the registry without embedding credentials in the Compose file.
- Pull the exact image with
docker compose pull app. - Start or replace the service with
docker compose up -d. - Inspect status with
docker compose psand recent output withdocker compose logs --tail=200 app. - Wait for the health check to pass, then request
https://example.com/healthzand a representative API or page through the domain.
Keep the previous image tag and its compatible environment configuration. A rollback should be a controlled change of APP_TAG followed by docker compose up -d, not a rebuild from an uncertain working tree.
Handle migrations safely
Do not hide destructive database migrations in a container startup command that may run repeatedly after a crash. Use an explicit, reviewed migration step, make migrations backward-compatible when old and new application versions overlap, and take a verified backup before an irreversible change.
Persist and back up application data
Docker volumes live outside a container’s writable layer, so replacing a container does not remove the volume. Mount the volume at the path the application actually writes to, such as /app/data, and confirm the container user can read and write it.
- Databases: Prefer database-aware dumps or the provider’s backup facility over copying live database files.
- Uploads: Copy files to storage outside the VPS when durability and recovery time matter.
- Volume snapshots: Copy them off-host, encrypt them, and retain versions according to your recovery requirements.
- Configuration: Back up Compose files, Nginx configuration, certificate renewal configuration, and a documented list of required secrets without exposing the secret values.
- Restore drills: Periodically restore to a clean volume or staging VPS and verify that the application can start and serve real data.
A VPS snapshot is useful for rapid recovery but is not an independent backup if it remains in the same failure domain. Test that you can recover without relying on the original machine.
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Check startup and reboot behavior
Docker’s daemon starts at boot on a standard Engine installation, and the Compose service’s restart policy brings the container back after a daemon restart. Reboot during a maintenance window and verify that Nginx, Docker, the application, and the health endpoint recover in the expected order.
Observe logs without filling the disk
Use docker compose logs --tail=200 app for immediate inspection and configure Docker log rotation or an external log collector. Monitor disk usage, because an otherwise healthy container can become unavailable when the host filesystem fills with unbounded logs or image layers.
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Update deliberately
Review Ubuntu, Docker, Nginx, Node base-image, and application updates separately. Build and test a new image, deploy its immutable tag, watch health checks and error rates, and retain the previous tag until the release has passed its observation period. Do not let an unattended update silently replace the Node runtime with an untested major version.
Test the restart policy
In a maintenance window, force a controlled container exit and confirm that unless-stopped restarts it. Then manually stop the service and confirm it remains stopped until you explicitly start it again. Record the results as part of the runbook rather than assuming the policy works.
Choose between common implementation options
| Decision | Option A | Option B | Use the second option when |
|---|---|---|---|
| Image build | Single-stage image: simpler Dockerfile and faster to understand | Multi-stage image: smaller runtime and fewer build tools | You want reduced runtime contents, lower transfer size, or a clearer production boundary |
| Public edge | Nginx on the host | Dedicated proxy container | You need the proxy versioned and isolated with the application, and you can manage its network and certificate storage safely |
| State | Named VPS volumes | Managed database or object storage | Durability, automated backups, or lower recovery burden outweigh local simplicity |
| Release | Build on the VPS | Build in CI and pull from a registry | Reproducibility, faster rollback, and separation of build credentials are priorities |
| Supervision | Docker restart policy | External service manager orchestrating Docker | You need host-level dependency ordering, advanced health-driven actions, or multi-service orchestration beyond Compose |
For a single application on one VPS, host Nginx, a registry-built image, Compose, a private application port, and an explicit backup plan are usually the least surprising arrangement. A proxy container or external supervisor can be valid, but each adds another failure boundary and another configuration set to maintain.
Verification checklist before calling the deployment complete
docker versionanddocker compose versionshow the expected installations.sudo docker run hello-worldsucceeded during host setup.- The running image uses the intended Node version and starts as the non-root
nodeuser. NODE_ENV=productionis present in the runtime container.- The health endpoint passes from inside the container and through the HTTPS domain.
- Only the intended SSH, HTTP, and HTTPS ports are reachable externally; no database or Node port is public.
- DNS A and AAAA records, when both are used, resolve to reachable addresses on this VPS.
sudo certbot renew --dry-runsucceeds.- A controlled container exit demonstrates the selected restart policy, while a manual stop stays stopped when
unless-stoppedis configured. - A recent database or file backup restores successfully to a clean volume or staging VPS.
- The previous image tag and compatible environment configuration are available for rollback.
Troubleshoot the failures that appear most often
Nginx returns 502 Bad Gateway
Check docker compose ps, the application logs, and whether Node is listening on 0.0.0.0:3000 inside the container. Confirm that Nginx’s upstream address matches the network design: host Nginx cannot reach an unexposed container port, while a proxy container should use the Compose service name rather than the host loopback address.
The container exits immediately
Read docker compose logs --tail=200 app. Common causes are a wrong CMD, a missing build artifact, a failed production dependency install, an invalid environment variable, or a migration that fails at startup. Run the image interactively with a temporary shell only for diagnosis; fix the image or configuration rather than editing a running container.
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The health check is unhealthy
Execute the health command inside the container and request /healthz locally. Ensure the endpoint returns 200 quickly, does not depend on an unavailable hostname, and is not protected by authentication intended for user traffic. If startup legitimately takes longer, adjust start_period based on observed behavior rather than disabling the check.
HTTPS validation fails
Verify DNS from outside the VPS, confirm port 80 is reachable for the selected validation method, check that Nginx’s server_name matches the requested domain, and inspect IPv6 routing if an AAAA record exists. Run the renewal dry run again after correcting the underlying DNS or firewall issue.
Data disappeared after a redeploy
Inspect the Compose volume name and mount path, and verify that the new image writes to the mounted directory rather than a different path in its writable layer. Do not remove volumes during cleanup until you have identified their contents and confirmed a restorable backup.
What success looks like
A successful deployment has one reproducible image, one documented release identifier, and a clear path from DNS to Nginx to the private Node process. The host is administered by a non-root user, the runtime does not contain development tools or secrets, HTTPS renewal is tested, Docker’s firewall interaction is understood, and state can be restored independently of the VPS. Those properties matter more than a particular Node major version or a clever Compose file: they make the service predictable to deploy, recover, and update.
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