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The distinction matters: separate installations isolate files, databases and failures, while Multisite centralizes updates and governance but couples the network to one shared installation. Nginx does not read .htaccess, so every rewrite, PHP restriction and access rule must be maintained in the Nginx configuration and reloaded after testing.
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How Nginx and WordPress fit together
Nginx receives a request, chooses a virtual server by the listening address, port and HTTP Host header, then applies the matching location rules. WordPress supplies the application routing, but Nginx must first decide whether a requested path is a real file, a real directory or a URL that should be handed to index.php.
In a direct Nginx installation, PHP is not rendered by Nginx itself. Nginx sends a PHP script and its parameters to PHP-FPM over a Unix socket or TCP upstream. If Nginx is only a reverse proxy in front of Apache or another web server, the hand-off is instead proxy_pass; do not combine the two topologies accidentally.
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Choose the site architecture before editing Nginx
One independent installation
Use this when one domain has its own WordPress files, database, plugins, themes, uploads and administrators. It is the simplest routing model and gives the clearest boundary for backups, migrations and troubleshooting.
Several independent installations
Use one Nginx server block per domain (or per deliberately grouped set of names). Each installation gets its own document root, database and configuration values. Separate Unix users, filesystem permissions and PHP-FPM pools can add isolation; pool separation is an operational hardening choice, not a requirement imposed by Nginx.
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Use Multisite when several sites should share one WordPress core and can follow the same plugin, theme and update governance. Sites have separate database tables and upload directories, but the network shares the core files. During network creation, choose either subdomains or subdirectories; the choice changes both DNS and Nginx routing.
| Decision axis | Separate installations | Multisite network |
|---|---|---|
| Core files | Each site has its own WordPress core | All sites share one WordPress core |
| Hostnames | Independent domains or domain groups | Main domain with subdomains or subdirectory paths |
| Administration | Updates and settings managed per site | Network governance can centralize plugins, themes and updates |
| Isolation | Files, databases and failures can be separated | A shared core or network-wide change can affect every site |
| Backups and migration | Each site can be backed up or moved independently | Network-aware backups and migration planning are required |
| Blast radius | A bad change is normally limited to one installation | Core, plugin or configuration errors may affect the network |
Prepare the server and DNS
- Install Nginx and a PHP-FPM service compatible with the WordPress version you will run.
- Create a document root for each independent site, or one shared root for a Multisite network. Keep uploads and configuration files under the permissions policy you intend to enforce.
- Create the required databases and database users before the web installer runs.
- Point each domain’s DNS record at the server. For Multisite subdomains, plan a wildcard DNS record so hostnames such as
site1.example.comreach the same server. - Confirm the actual PHP-FPM Unix socket or TCP listener on this operating system. Socket names vary by distribution and PHP version; never copy a sample path without checking that it exists.
Keep the public document root aligned with the directory that actually contains index.php. A wrong root can produce a Nginx 404 even when PHP-FPM and WordPress are working correctly.
Configure one normal WordPress site
Build the server block
Put the site’s values in a dedicated file included from the Nginx http context. The following is a pattern; replace the domain, root and PHP-FPM endpoint with values that exist on your host.
server {
listen 80;
server_name example.com www.example.com;
root /var/www/example;
index index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}
}The try_files fallback is essential for pretty permalinks. Nginx first checks the requested file and directory; if neither exists, it passes the request to WordPress with the original query string. Without that fallback, a post or page URL can return a Nginx 404 even though the home page works.
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Connect PHP to PHP-FPM safely
The PHP location includes FastCGI parameters, maps the requested script to the document root and sends the request to PHP-FPM. Use the socket or TCP upstream configured by your operating system. If the endpoint is wrong, static files may load while every PHP request fails with a gateway error; verify the socket path and inspect both Nginx and PHP-FPM logs.
Do not create a broad PHP handler that executes arbitrary files from upload directories. Add a specific deny rule for PHP files below wp-content/uploads, and review any exception before enabling it.
Set the basic protections
WordPress’s reusable Nginx restrictions commonly deny hidden files and prevent PHP execution in uploads. Keep these rules in a shared include where possible, then review exceptions deliberately. Hidden-file rules should not block an intentional ACME challenge or another explicitly required path; place narrowly scoped exceptions before a general deny rule when your certificate process needs one.
Test the single site
- Check that the domain resolves to the server and that the
Hostheader matchesserver_name. - Request the home page, a known post with a pretty permalink, an image and
/wp-admin/. - Confirm that PHP-FPM receives requests and that the generated page has the expected WordPress URL and HTTPS settings when TLS is in use.
- Change a permalink or create a test page, then repeat the request to prove the fallback works rather than relying on a cached home page.
Host multiple independent WordPress sites
Create one server block per site
Repeat the single-site pattern with distinct roots and names:
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server {
listen 80;
server_name site-a.example;
root /var/www/site-a;
index index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm-site-a.sock;
}
}
server {
listen 80;
server_name site-b.example;
root /var/www/site-b;
index index.php;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;
}
location ~ .php$ {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm-site-b.sock;
}
}The two socket names above illustrate separate pools; they are not universal paths. A single correctly configured pool can serve multiple sites, while separate pools can limit resource and permission interactions when isolation is important.
Understand how Nginx selects a block
Nginx permits multiple server directives inside the same http context. It first considers the listening address and port, then compares the request’s host name. Exact names take precedence over wildcard names. An explicitly marked default_server handles unmatched names, so an unintended default can expose the wrong site or mask a DNS mistake.
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Give each site a clear access log and error log. When a request lands on the wrong installation, inspect the received host, the active listen socket, wildcard overlap and default-server declaration before changing WordPress itself.
Keep isolation consistent
- Use separate filesystem ownership and permissions for each root.
- Use separate databases and database credentials.
- Keep each site’s logs identifiable.
- Consider separate PHP-FPM pools when one site must not consume or access another site’s PHP process environment.
- Back up and restore one site independently before declaring the layout production-ready.
Configure WordPress Multisite with Nginx
Make the network choice in WordPress first
Multisite is a collection of sites sharing one WordPress installation core. Network creation asks you to choose subdomains or subdirectories. Decide before applying Nginx rules, because the host and path patterns are different and a configuration for one mode is not a drop-in replacement for the other.
Subdomain mode
In subdomain mode, the main domain and its site hosts must reach the same server block. A typical name list is:
server_name example.com *.example.com;Retain the standard WordPress fallback and PHP-FPM location in that block. Create the required wildcard DNS record, and ensure TLS certificates cover the wildcard and main name when serving HTTPS. The WordPress network then maps a host such as games.example.com to a site while the shared root serves the core files.
Test the main domain, a newly created subdomain, the network dashboard and a site-specific permalink. A wildcard that reaches the wrong Nginx default block can look like a WordPress domain-mapping problem even when the network settings are correct.
Subdirectory mode
In subdirectory mode, sites are addressed with paths such as example.com/games/. Use the Multisite subdirectory rewrite rules supplied for the WordPress activation era and layout you are running. The rules must route site paths, administrative paths and PHP requests back through the shared index.php without breaking real files.
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Do not paste subdomain rules into a subdirectory network. After enabling the network, test the main site, a second site path, media uploads, /wp-admin/ for both sites and a permalink below the site path. WordPress documentation separates rules for newer Multisite activations from older ones, so compatibility matters when an existing network was created years ago.
Govern the shared installation
Because the core is shared, a core update, network-activated plugin, theme change or malformed include can affect every site. Restrict who can edit Nginx and network settings, keep network-wide backups, and rehearse restoring a single site’s tables and uploads without overwriting neighboring sites.
When WordPress files live in a directory
Some installations keep the public URL at the domain root while storing WordPress files below a directory such as /wordpress. In that arrangement, redirect the root request to the chosen directory and add a directory-specific try_files fallback. The PHP handler must map SCRIPT_FILENAME to the actual file location, not merely to the public root.
location = / {
return 301 /wordpress/;
}
location /wordpress/ {
try_files $uri $uri/ /wordpress/index.php?$args;
}
location ~ ^/wordpress/.*.php$ {
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php/php-fpm.sock;
}Use the directory name and PHP-FPM endpoint that exist on your server. Check both the site URL and WordPress URL settings so WordPress generates links consistently with the public address.
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Organize Nginx configuration for safe changes
Nginx configuration is hierarchical: global settings belong in nginx.conf, virtual hosts belong in the http context, and URI behavior belongs in location blocks. Splitting reusable logic into included files avoids copying security rules into every site.
nginx.conf: globaleventsandhttpsettings, MIME types, logs and the include for site files.conf.d/global/wordpress-common.conf: shared hidden-file restrictions, upload PHP denial and other safe defaults.sites-available/site-a.conf: the site’s names, root, logs, PHP-FPM endpoint and exceptions.sites-enabled/: enabled files, using the distribution’s normal include or symlink convention.
After editing, run the distribution’s Nginx configuration test command and correct the file and line reported for any failure. Reload Nginx only after the test succeeds; a reload applies the new configuration without interrupting current requests. Keep a copy of the last known-good configuration so a failed change can be reverted quickly.
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Security rules that deserve deliberate review
- Deny hidden files by default, while allowing only an explicitly required exception.
- Block PHP execution beneath uploads.
- Keep each site’s root and logs separated so a permission mistake is visible.
- Do not expose database dumps, environment files or backup archives from a web root.
- Review wildcard and default-server blocks so an unknown hostname does not serve a private installation.
- Use HTTPS consistently and ensure proxy headers are set correctly when TLS terminates upstream.
Nginx will not generate or update these rules from WordPress. A plugin that expects Apache’s .htaccess behavior cannot silently change the Nginx configuration; administrator-managed files remain authoritative.
Reverse-proxy versus direct PHP-FPM deployments
If Nginx fronts Apache or another HTTP server, use a location block with proxy_pass and set the forwarding headers required by the application, such as the original host, scheme and client address. Apache then handles PHP and its own WordPress integration.
If Nginx serves files directly, use try_files and fastcgi_pass to PHP-FPM as shown earlier. Mixing a proxy configuration with a direct FastCGI configuration can send requests to the wrong backend or create redirect loops, so document which server owns PHP before troubleshooting.
Troubleshoot by symptom
Every pretty permalink returns 404
Check that the request reaches the intended server block and that location / contains try_files $uri $uri/ /index.php?$args;. Verify the document root contains the requested WordPress installation and reload after correcting the file.
The home page loads but PHP requests fail
Confirm the PHP-FPM service is running, the configured socket or TCP endpoint exists and its permissions allow Nginx to connect. Read the Nginx error log and PHP-FPM log together; the exact service name and socket path depend on the operating system and PHP version.
The wrong site appears
Inspect DNS, the request’s Host header, overlapping wildcards and the default_server. Exact names should be used for independent domains; reserve wildcards for a deliberate Multisite subdomain network.
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Check WordPress’s site URL values, the public scheme and any proxy forwarding headers. A directory installation also requires the root redirect and directory-specific fallback to agree with those URL settings.
Uploads execute as PHP
Review the shared upload restriction and confirm that a more-specific PHP location has not overridden it. Test with a harmless PHP-named file in the uploads directory and verify that it is downloaded or denied rather than executed.
Quick Recap
Deployment checklist
- Choose independent installations or Multisite, then choose Multisite subdomains or subdirectories if applicable.
- Verify DNS, document roots, database credentials, filesystem ownership and the real PHP-FPM endpoint.
- Create or update the server block with the correct names, root, index, fallback and PHP handler.
- Add shared hidden-file and upload restrictions, then review exceptions.
- Run the Nginx configuration test and fix every reported error.
- Reload Nginx, test the home page, pretty permalink, administration URL, media and a deliberately unknown hostname.
- Inspect Nginx and PHP-FPM logs, then record the working configuration and rollback procedure.
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