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On the same Linux host, duplicate a MySQL database with a logical dump: run mysqldump db1 > dump.sql, create the destination with mysqladmin create db2, then load it with mysql db2 < dump.sql. If the copy is going to another server, either include database-creation statements with mysqldump --databases db1 and load the file normally, or omit that option, create the destination database yourself, and load the dump into the name you choose.
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What “duplicate a database” means
A MySQL duplication normally means creating a logical copy of SQL objects and table rows. The result can be used for development, DBA work, testing, or a controlled move to another Linux server. Oracle describes this use case as cloning databases or producing slight variations of an existing database for testing.
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A logical dump is a text file containing SQL statements. MySQL reads those statements on the destination and reconstructs the selected objects and data. This is portable and easy to rename, but it is not the same as copying the server’s underlying data files. A database copy also does not automatically make the destination a complete copy of the source server’s accounts, privileges, configuration, replication state, or other databases.
Before you start
- Confirm the source database name and the destination name. In the examples below, the source is
db1and the destination isdb2. - Run the commands on a Linux account that can connect to MySQL, read the objects being dumped, create or load the destination database, and write the dump file where you place it.
- Check free disk space for the dump and for the restored tables. A dump can be large even when the live database appears smaller because the file contains SQL text and metadata.
- Decide whether the copy is for the same host or another server, and whether it should keep the original name.
- Decide which objects and security data must be transferred: tables and rows, views, triggers, stored procedures and functions, events, users, and grants.
- Choose a maintenance window or consistency plan. A dump taken while the application is writing may need different handling from a quiet development database.
Duplicate a database on the same Linux host
The basic three-command method
Use Oracle MySQL’s straightforward sequence when the destination is on the same server:
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mysqldump db1 > dump.sql
mysqladmin create db2
mysql db2 < dump.sqlmysqldump db1 > dump.sqlreadsdb1and writes a logical SQL dump todump.sql. The shell redirection creates or overwrites that file in the current directory.mysqladmin create db2creates an empty database nameddb2.mysql db2 < dump.sqlstarts a MySQL client session connected todb2and feeds the dump into it.
After the third command completes without an error, the destination contains the objects and rows represented in the dump. The source database is not modified by this sequence.
Supply the account and password explicitly
When the MySQL account, password prompt, or connection context should be explicit, use the equivalent form:
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mysqladmin -u USER -p create db2
mysql -u USER -p db2 < dump.sqlEach -p normally prompts for the password rather than putting it in the shell command line. Replace USER with an account authorized for the operation. If source and destination use different connection parameters, specify the appropriate host, port, socket, or account for each command instead of assuming they are identical.
Why the destination name matters
Do not add --databases to the same-host command when you want db1 copied into a differently named db2. That option writes a USE db1 statement into the dump. When the file is loaded with mysql db2 < dump.sql, the embedded USE db1 can switch the session back to the source name and defeat the rename.
For a same-name copy, an embedded database selection may be useful, but the destination must then be planned around that name. For a renamed copy, omit --databases, create the destination explicitly, and load into it as shown above.
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Keeping the dump consistent while MySQL is running
When to use --single-transaction
--single-transaction is suitable for many InnoDB workloads when you need a transaction-consistent logical snapshot without stopping ordinary application activity. The practical command is:
mysqldump -u USER -p --single-transaction db1 > dump.sqlIt does not remove the need to review the workload. Confirm which tables and objects are being copied, how much write activity occurs during the dump, and whether the application performs schema changes at the same time.
DDL that can invalidate the snapshot
DDL operations during a single-transaction dump are an operational hazard. Statements such as ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, and TRUNCATE TABLE can make the read inconsistent or cause the dump to fail. Schedule those changes outside the dump window, pause the deployment that could issue them, or choose a locking and backup approach appropriate to the workload.
For production data, document the consistency decision before starting: identify the snapshot window, the expected write activity, and the response if the dump exits with an error. Treat a successfully created file as a candidate backup until its contents and restore have been checked.
Copy a MySQL database to another Linux server
Method 1: include database-creation statements
If the target should receive the database under the same name, include the database definition in the dump:
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# source server
mysqldump --databases db1 > dump.sql
# copy dump.sql to the target server
# target server
mysql < dump.sqlThe dump contains statements that create or select db1, so the target-side client does not need a separate database-creation command. Transfer dump.sql by the file-transfer method approved for your environment, then run the load on the target host.
Method 2: choose a different name on the target
When the target database must be called db2, omit --databases and create the destination explicitly:
# source server
mysqldump db1 > dump.sql
# copy dump.sql to the target server
# target server
mysqladmin create db2
mysql db2 < dump.sqlThis is the cross-server equivalent of the same-host rename procedure. It avoids an embedded USE db1 statement taking precedence over the target name.
Move the file safely
Keep the source and target steps distinct. Finish the dump, confirm the file exists and has a plausible size, transfer it using your organization’s secure transport, and only then start the target load. Preserve the original dump until verification is complete and the rollback decision has been made.
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What a logical dump does and does not copy
| Item | What to expect | Decision to make |
|---|---|---|
| Tables and table rows | These are the primary contents reconstructed by replaying the SQL dump. | Confirm all required databases and tables were selected. |
| Views | View definitions may be represented as SQL objects in the dump. | Check that dependent objects and definers are valid on the target. |
| Triggers | Trigger definitions can be included as objects. | Verify that triggers are present and behave with the target schema. |
| Stored procedures and functions | Routine definitions require explicit attention during planning. | Decide which routines belong in the copy and validate their dependencies. |
| Events | Scheduled event definitions are a separate object category. | Decide whether events should be restored active, inactive, or not at all. |
| Users and grants | A database dump is not automatically a complete privilege migration. | Handle accounts and grants as a separate server-administration task. |
| Server configuration and other databases | These are outside a single database’s logical contents. | Plan configuration, plugins, replication, and other schemas separately. |
Grant tables live in MySQL’s mysql database. Copying an application schema alone therefore does not reproduce the source server’s complete account and privilege setup. Recreate or migrate security data deliberately, and review account hosts, authentication, and least-privilege requirements on the target rather than blindly treating the destination as an identical server.
Verify the duplicate before using it
Do not stop at a successful exit status. Verification should compare the source and destination in the context of your application.
- Check database and table presence. Connect to the destination and list the expected schema objects. Missing tables often indicate that the wrong database name was selected or that the dump stopped partway through.
- Compare table counts. Count the tables on both sides and investigate any difference before allowing application traffic to use the copy.
- Compare representative row counts. Select row counts from critical, large, and recently changing tables. A matching table list with a short row count can reveal an incomplete load.
- Inspect views, routines, triggers, and events. Confirm each required object exists and references the correct schema, account, and dependencies.
- Check character sets and collations. Compare database, table, and column settings where text sorting or comparison affects the application.
- Test application connectivity. Use the destination credentials and connection settings in a controlled test. Check reads, writes, transactions, background jobs, and any code that relies on scheduled events.
- Review errors and warnings. Keep the client output and server log relevant to the load. Resolve permission, syntax, missing-object, and constraint errors instead of accepting a partially restored database.
Verification is an environment-specific operational check; it is not established merely because the dump command produced a file.
Common failures and how to recover
The load goes into the wrong database
Check whether the dump was created with --databases. If it contains USE db1, loading it while naming db2 may still target db1. Recreate the dump without --databases, create the intended destination, and load it into that database.
The destination database does not exist
The command mysql db2 < dump.sql cannot load into a database that has not been created. Run mysqladmin create db2 with an account allowed to create it, or use the cross-server form that includes database-creation statements when retaining the source name.
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Authentication or permission errors occur
Verify the account, host, socket or TCP endpoint, and password prompt used by each command. The account must be able to read the source objects and perform the destination operations. If the dump contains routines, views, triggers, or events, permissions and definers for those objects may require separate review.
The dump fails during active schema changes
Look for concurrent ALTER TABLE, CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE, RENAME TABLE, or TRUNCATE TABLE operations. Reschedule the dump outside the DDL window, coordinate with the deployment owner, or choose a method whose locking and consistency behavior matches the workload.
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Check the client’s final error, the server log, available disk space, and the dump file itself. Do not point the application at a partial copy. Correct the underlying issue, recreate the destination if necessary, rerun the load from a known-good dump, and repeat the verification checklist.
Logical dump versus physical backup
| Consideration | Logical SQL dump | Physical backup |
|---|---|---|
| Portability | SQL can be transferred between compatible Linux installations and can be loaded under a different database name when the dump is created without database-selection statements. | Data files are tied more closely to the server’s storage format and backup tooling. |
| Object-level selection | Useful when selecting databases or categories of objects for a development or test copy. | Generally aimed at preserving a larger server or data-file set. |
| Restore speed at large scale | Requires parsing and executing SQL, so large restores can be time-consuming. | Oracle notes that physical backup is more appropriate for large-scale backup and restore because it preserves data files in their original format for faster restoration. |
| Renaming a database | Straightforward when the dump omits --databases and the target is created explicitly. |
Usually requires a storage- and server-specific procedure rather than simply changing a client command. |
| Best fit | Portable copies, development clones, DBA work, and slight variations for testing. | Very large backup and restore workloads where restore time and data-file handling dominate. |
Choose based on scope, naming, object coverage, consistency requirements, downtime, and scale. A logical dump is not automatically the fastest or safest option for every production-sized dataset.
Where mysqlpump fits today
mysqlpump can produce logical backups, parallelize work, and include or exclude selected databases and object types. However, Oracle marks it deprecated as of MySQL 8.0.34 and directs current workflows toward mysqldump and MySQL Shell dump utilities.
For a small, portable duplicate with a clear rename, use the simple mysqldump procedure. For larger transfers that benefit from parallel dump or load work, evaluate the current MySQL Shell dump and load utilities against your MySQL version, network, storage, and restore requirements. Do not introduce a deprecated utility into a new operating procedure without a specific compatibility reason.
Quick Recap
A practical decision guide
| Your situation | Recommended starting point | Important qualification |
|---|---|---|
| Same host, new database name | mysqldump db1 > dump.sql, create db2, then load into db2. |
Do not use --databases, because its embedded USE db1 can override the target. |
| Another host, same database name | Use mysqldump --databases db1 > dump.sql, transfer the file, then run mysql < dump.sql on the target. |
Coordinate secure transfer and verify the restored objects. |
| Another host, different database name | Dump without --databases, create the destination on the target, and load into that name. |
Review routines, events, triggers, views, and definers separately. |
| Active InnoDB workload | Consider --single-transaction. |
Concurrent DDL can make the dump inconsistent or cause failure; review writes and schema changes first. |
| Very large backup or restore | Evaluate physical backup or MySQL Shell dump/load utilities. | Physical backup favors large-scale restore speed but is less like a portable, renameable SQL copy. |
| Privilege or server migration | Plan a separate account, grant, and server-configuration migration. | A single application database dump is not a complete server identity. |
Repeatable runbook
- Write down the source host, source database, target host, target database, MySQL version, and required object categories.
- Choose a consistency window and prevent conflicting DDL if using
--single-transaction. - Create the dump with or without
--databasesaccording to whether the target name must change. - Check that the dump completed and retain its output and logs.
- Transfer the file securely when the target is remote.
- Create the destination database when the dump does not contain its creation statement.
- Load the file and stop on errors rather than accepting an incomplete copy.
- Verify tables, representative rows, programmable objects, character sets and collations, and application connectivity.
- Handle users, grants, and server configuration separately.
- Keep the source dump and verification record until the destination has been accepted and the rollback period has ended.
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