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Do not repeatedly reboot or run a blanket table repair. Preserve the log and a current backup, make the least destructive change that matches the evidence, and verify the database before troubleshooting plugins or themes.
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Start by proving whether MySQL actually stopped
When WordPress displays “Error establishing a database connection,” the failure can be in several places: the database service may have exited, the server may be alive but unable to accept connections, credentials or host settings may be wrong, or PHP code may be failing after a successful query. Oracle’s MySQL Reference Manual puts the first diagnostic question plainly: “First, you should try to find out whether the problem is that the mysqld server dies or whether your problem has to do with your client.”
Run these checks from an administrative shell. Substitute the service name used by your distribution; it is commonly mysql or mysqld.
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sudo systemctl status mysql --no-pager
sudo systemctl status mysqld --no-pager
sudo journalctl -u mysql --since "30 minutes ago" --no-pager
sudo journalctl -u mysqld --since "30 minutes ago" --no-pager
pgrep -a mysqld
mysqladmin pingIf one service name returns “unit not found,” that is not itself a crash. Try the other name and inspect the process list. A response such as mysqld is alive means the server is answering that probe; it does not rule out intermittent restarts or a WordPress-side problem. Record the exact time shown by the status output and compare it with the first error seen by visitors.
Preserve evidence before restarting repeatedly
Every restart can overwrite context, trigger another recovery cycle, or make a transient resource problem look random. Capture the state once, then make changes.
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systemctl statusandjournalctl. Look for an exit code, a signal, an operating-system out-of-memory kill, failed mounts, or permission errors. - Locate the MySQL error log. Common locations include
/var/log/mysql/error.log, a distribution-specific file under/var/log/, or the system journal. The configured path can be confirmed in the server configuration or startup output. Read entries several minutes before and after the incident, not only the final line. - Write down the timeline. Note the first connection failure, the last successful health check, the shutdown or restart timestamp, backup jobs, deployments, traffic spikes, and any VPS maintenance occurring at the same time.
- Preserve diagnostic output. Copy stack traces, InnoDB recovery messages, “out of memory” text, disk or file errors, and the final queries shown in a query log. Keep the original timestamps and timezone.
- Verify a backup. Before repairing tables or changing InnoDB recovery settings, confirm that a recent database backup can actually be read or restored on a separate location. If no usable backup exists, make a safe copy before destructive work whenever the server can still start.
The error log is the deciding evidence. MySQL documentation identifies corrupted data or index files as common causes of unexpected exits, but a similar WordPress symptom can also come from memory pressure or a PHP failure.
Read the log and classify the failure
| Log evidence | Likely area | Safe next move |
|---|---|---|
Out of memory, an OS “Killed process” message, or abrupt termination with no clean shutdown |
VPS memory or swap pressure; possibly a runaway process | Check memory, swap, competing processes, and the kernel log before tuning MySQL. |
No space left on device, inability to write a file, or an almost-full filesystem |
Disk capacity, inode exhaustion, or a read-only filesystem | Measure space and inodes, identify safe files to remove or rotate, and confirm the database directory is writable. |
| Too many open files, “Can’t open file,” or descriptor-limit warnings | Process or system file-descriptor limits | Measure the running limit and usage; correct the service limit only after checking connection and table demand. |
| Repeated InnoDB crash recovery, redo-log errors, assertion failures, or failure while starting InnoDB | InnoDB recovery or storage damage | Stop improvising. Use the recovery procedure for the installed MySQL version and work from a copy or verified backup. |
| “Table is marked as crashed,” “Record file is crashed,” or a named MyISAM table | MyISAM table or index corruption | Back up first, identify the named table, and use the appropriate check or repair tool only for that table. |
| Clean shutdown followed by a normal start, while WordPress still fails | Client configuration, credentials, PHP, plugin, theme, or application load | Test a direct database login, then move to WordPress logging and isolation. |
Check the VPS resources
MySQL’s troubleshooting checklist calls out memory, disk space, file descriptors, and runaway processes. Check each while the problem is occurring or immediately after a restart; a later idle reading can hide the cause.
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Memory, swap, and competing processes
free -h
swapon --show
top
ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -n 15
sudo dmesg -T | grep -i -E 'out of memory|oom|killed process'Compare total, available, and swap memory rather than treating “free” memory alone as the answer. In top, watch for several PHP workers, backup jobs, web-server workers, or another service consuming memory at the same moment. An OOM-killer entry that names mysqld establishes that the operating system terminated it; an entry naming another process points to broader VPS pressure. Do not increase MySQL buffers blindly: larger caches can make a small VPS fail sooner.
Disk capacity, inodes, and write access
df -h
df -i
sudo du -xhd1 /var/lib/mysql 2>/dev/null | sort -h
sudo du -xhd1 /var/log 2>/dev/null | sort -h
sudo sh -c 'test -w /var/lib/mysql && echo writable || echo not-writable'Check the filesystem containing both the MySQL data directory and its logs. A filesystem can report available gigabytes while having no free inodes, so df -i matters. Large binary logs, retained backups, verbose logs, and temporary files are common space consumers; remove or rotate files only according to your retention policy. Never delete files inside the MySQL data directory to create space.
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ulimit -n
pid=$(pidof mysqld | awk '{print $1}')
[ -n "$pid" ] && sudo grep -i 'open files' /proc/$pid/limits
[ -n "$pid" ] && sudo ls /proc/$pid/fd | wc -l
ps -eLf | wc -lThe shell’s ulimit is not necessarily the limit applied to the systemd service. Compare the running process’s limit with its open-descriptor count and with the number of active connections and tables. Raise a service limit only after establishing that exhaustion is the failure; otherwise you may conceal a connection leak.
Restart only after capturing the cause
If the service is stopped and the log shows no unresolved corruption or recovery failure, a single controlled restart can restore availability:
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sudo systemctl restart mysql
sudo systemctl status mysql --no-pager
mysqladmin pingUse mysqld instead of mysql when that is the installed unit. A successful restart is not a root-cause fix. Keep the incident timestamp and watch the log and resource metrics afterward. If startup fails, stop retrying and follow the failure-specific branch below.
Investigate a query that precedes each crash
A repeatable statement can exhaust memory, trigger a server bug, or expose a damaged table. MySQL documents enabling the general query log when a repeatable query appears to kill the server and examining the final statement before the restart.
Use the general query log briefly
Enable it only on a controlled or maintenance window because it records every statement and can grow quickly. The exact setting method depends on the MySQL version and configuration; make the change temporarily, reproduce the failure if safe, then disable it and preserve the relevant tail.
SET GLOBAL general_log = 'ON';
-- reproduce or wait for the failure while monitoring disk space
SET GLOBAL general_log = 'OFF';Do not enable verbose logging on a busy public site without a size and retention plan. If the last statement is a large import, report-generation query, or repeated request from one endpoint, capture its execution context and parameters without exposing credentials.
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Use the slow log and EXPLAIN for load problems
When the server remains alive but becomes unresponsive under load, the slow query log is safer for ongoing analysis. Run EXPLAIN on the identified SELECT (and the version-appropriate extended or analyzed form where supported) to look for full table scans, missing indexes, unexpectedly large row estimates, or joins that multiply results. Optimize the query or its calling plugin after confirming the database is structurally sound; do not “fix” a performance symptom by deleting data.
Repair MyISAM corruption only when the log names it
WordPress installations may contain legacy MyISAM tables, although many current tables use InnoDB. Errors such as “Record file is crashed” or a named MyISAM table justify a targeted check. A generic connection error does not.
- Make or verify a current backup and record the affected database and table names.
- Prevent writes to the affected table by placing the site in maintenance mode or stopping the application path that writes to it.
- Check the table with the appropriate MySQL utility or SQL command for your server version. Use the least invasive check first.
- Repair only the named MyISAM table with the documented repair method, then inspect warnings and row counts.
- Test representative WordPress actions and review the error log for new corruption messages.
Repair can discard unrecoverable rows and is not an InnoDB procedure. Never run a blanket repair across every WordPress table simply because the front end reports a database error.
Independent reader supportYour contribution helps us test, update, and keep practical guides available for everyone.Treat InnoDB startup recovery as a separate incident
InnoDB recovery failures commonly appear as repeated recovery messages, assertions, redo-log errors, or a server that exits while initializing InnoDB. The correct response is version-specific and backup-first. Recovery modes are emergency extraction tools, not routine performance settings.
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- Stop automatic restart loops so the server does not repeatedly modify its state.
- Copy the data directory and preserve the original error log, configuration, and exact MySQL version.
- Consult the recovery procedure for that MySQL release and start with the least aggressive recovery setting.
- If the server starts in a recovery mode, export the data to a new instance immediately; do not continue normal writes.
- Rebuild or restore the affected instance from a verified backup, then validate tables and application behavior before returning traffic.
Do not delete InnoDB data files, redo logs, or system tablespaces to force startup. Do not raise a recovery mode number without a rollback plan; higher modes can sacrifice more data and are not reversible repairs.
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If mysqladmin ping succeeds, the service remains running, and the error log shows no new failure, test the client path. Confirm the database name, user, password, host, port, socket setting, and privileges in wp-config.php. A direct login using the same credentials distinguishes a WordPress configuration problem from a server problem.
For a PHP fatal error, plugin conflict, or theme fault, WordPress Recovery Mode provides a temporary safe login path that lets an administrator deactivate the component or inspect its error. Recovery Mode does not restart MySQL and cannot repair a stopped database service. Use it only after the database accepts connections.
Correlate PHP errors with the database timeline
On a controlled maintenance instance, enable WordPress debugging and logging in wp-config.php before the line that says to stop editing. A typical diagnostic configuration is:
define( 'WP_DEBUG', true );
define( 'WP_DEBUG_LOG', true );
define( 'WP_DEBUG_DISPLAY', false );Reproduce the failure, then compare wp-content/debug.log timestamps with the MySQL error log, web-server log, and VPS resource readings. This can reveal a plugin fatal immediately before the connection message or a request pattern that triggers expensive queries. Turn verbose debugging off on public production after collecting the needed evidence; logs can contain paths, query details, or other sensitive data.
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Quick Recap
Choose the remedy by evidence and risk
| Remedy | Evidence required | Data risk | Reversibility | What it addresses |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Free disk space or rotate logs | Full filesystem or inode count | Low if retention rules are followed; high if database files are deleted | Usually reversible | Storage exhaustion |
| Stop a runaway process and restart MySQL once | Resource spike or stopped service without corruption evidence | Low to moderate; uncommitted work can be lost | Reversible | Transient resource exhaustion or a crashed process |
| Raise memory or descriptor limits | Measured exhaustion at the service limit, with headroom on the VPS | Moderate; can destabilize the host if oversized | Reversible configuration change | Capacity limits |
| Optimize a query | General or slow log evidence and an execution plan | Low when tested; query-result changes must be checked | Reversible in code or schema | Query behavior and load |
| Repair a MyISAM table | Log names MyISAM corruption or a crashed record file | Moderate to high; damaged rows may be lost | Not reliably reversible without a backup | Table or index corruption |
| Use InnoDB recovery mode and export | Startup failure during InnoDB recovery | High; emergency modes can expose incomplete data | Not a normal reversible change | InnoDB recovery failure |
| Deactivate a plugin or theme in Recovery Mode | MySQL is healthy and PHP or WordPress logs identify an application fault | Low to moderate; site functionality may change | Usually reversible | WordPress code faults |
Prevent the next crash
- Maintain current, restorable database backups and periodically test a restore rather than checking only that a backup file exists.
- Monitor disk usage, inode usage, memory, swap, CPU, connection counts, and service restarts on the VPS.
- Review MySQL and web-server error logs after WordPress, plugin, theme, PHP, or operating-system updates.
- Keep the exact MySQL, PHP, Linux, and WordPress versions in the incident record; recovery instructions and defaults vary by release.
- Set log rotation and retention limits, especially if query logging is enabled for diagnosis.
- Document the MySQL service name, data directory, error-log path, backup location, and the command used to verify a healthy response.
- Investigate recurring memory or query spikes instead of masking them with frequent restarts.
A concise decision path
- WordPress reports a database error: check service status,
mysqladmin ping, and the error log before changing files. - MySQL is stopped: classify the log as resource, storage, MyISAM, InnoDB, or unknown; capture a backup and follow only that branch.
- MySQL is alive but overloaded: inspect memory, disk, descriptors, processes, and query logs; address the measured bottleneck.
- MySQL is healthy and PHP logs show a fatal: use Recovery Mode to isolate the plugin or theme, then retest.
- The cause remains unclear: preserve exact logs, versions, timestamps, and configuration rather than repeatedly rebooting or repairing tables.
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