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What you need before installing
Use a supported Debian release and an account with sudo or root access. You need a resolvable hostname or domain for the site, shell access to the server, a text editor, and a browser on a machine that can reach the server. A local hostname can work for a private installation; a public site needs DNS pointed at the server before the browser setup is useful.
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WordPress’s current production guidance calls for PHP 8.3 or newer, MariaDB 10.11 or newer or MySQL 8.0 or newer, HTTPS, and Apache or Nginx. Debian’s packaged versions vary by release, so check what your release supplies before committing to a production deployment.
| Debian release | WordPress package version listed by Debian |
|---|---|
| Debian 11 (Bullseye) | 5.7.14 |
| Debian 12 (Bookworm) | 6.1.9 |
| Debian 13 (Trixie) | 6.8.3 |
Those package versions are the versions listed on Debian’s WordPress page in January 2026; they are not a promise that every mirror will remain unchanged. For a public site, compare the PHP and database versions installed by your Debian release with the current WordPress requirements, and plan upgrades rather than assuming an old stable release will satisfy new WordPress versions indefinitely.
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Choose the installation model
This guide uses Debian’s package layout, not the layout from a manually downloaded upstream archive. The package integrates with Debian’s filesystem conventions and update path. That means the application files live under /usr/share/wordpress, while content is stored under /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content. Do not copy generic instructions that expect a complete WordPress tree in /var/www/html without adapting every path.
A single-site virtual host is the clearest starting point. Debian also documents helper-script and multisite arrangements; read /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.Debian before choosing one, because its aliases, configuration-file lookup and upgrade behavior differ from a conventional upstream-tarball installation.
Install Apache, MariaDB, PHP and Debian WordPress
Refresh package metadata and install the stack:
sudo apt update
sudo apt install wordpress curl apache2 mariadb-serverThe Debian package pulls in the PHP pieces it declares as dependencies. Debian’s LAMP guidance identifies the MariaDB server and client and PHP’s MySQL connector as the required database components. If the connector was not installed by dependency resolution on your release, install the corresponding Debian PHP package that provides php-mysql, then verify that Apache’s PHP integration is enabled before opening the site.
Check that the services are present before continuing. A package installation can complete while a service is stopped because of a local policy or a configuration error. Use your normal Debian service-management commands to confirm Apache and MariaDB are running, and read their logs immediately if either fails to start.
Harden MariaDB and create a WordPress database
Run the hardening utility
Start with Debian’s interactive hardening tool:
sudo mysql_secure_installationFollow its prompts to remove unsafe defaults and restrict administrative access. The exact questions vary with the MariaDB version and how the server was initially configured, so read each prompt instead of blindly accepting a transcript copied from another release.
Use a dedicated database and account
WordPress should never use the MariaDB administrator account. Create one database and one application user, and grant that user privileges on that database only. Replace the example password with a long, unique secret; do not publish it or leave it in shell history.
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CREATE DATABASE wordpress;
CREATE USER 'wordpress'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'replace-with-a-strong-secret';
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON wordpress.* TO 'wordpress'@'localhost';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;Save the SQL in a root-readable temporary file rather than placing the password directly in a command that will be recorded by a shell. Execute it with Debian’s local administrative MariaDB client, then remove the file as soon as the account has been created:
sudo mariadb < /root/wp-db.sql
sudo rm /root/wp-db.sqlThe database name, user name, host and password in this SQL must match the values you will put in Debian’s WordPress configuration file. A mismatch produces a database-connection error later, even when MariaDB itself is healthy.
Configure an Apache virtual host
Create the site definition
Create /etc/apache2/sites-available/wp.conf and replace myblog.example.com and the administrator address with your own values:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName myblog.example.com
ServerAdmin [email protected]
DocumentRoot /usr/share/wordpress
Alias /wp-content /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content
<Directory /usr/share/wordpress>
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride Limit Options FileInfo
DirectoryIndex index.php
Require all granted
</Directory>
<Directory /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content>
Options FollowSymLinks
Require all granted
</Directory>
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined
</VirtualHost>The two directory blocks are important. The document root exposes Debian’s packaged PHP application, while the alias exposes the writable content location where uploads, themes and plugins belong. DirectoryIndex index.php makes Apache hand the front page to PHP instead of showing a directory listing.
Disable the default site and enable WordPress
sudo a2dissite 000-default
sudo a2ensite wp
sudo service apache2 reloadReloading applies the virtual-host change without needlessly stopping the web server. If Apache reports a syntax error, correct that error before attempting another reload; the previous working configuration remains in effect until a valid reload succeeds.
This configuration is intentionally HTTP-only so the package layout can be verified first. Before exposing an administrator login publicly, put the site behind HTTPS and ensure the hostname resolves to the intended machine. WordPress lists HTTPS as part of its current production guidance.
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Add Debian’s hostname-specific WordPress configuration
Create the file Apache will select
For the virtual host myblog.example.com, create:
/etc/wordpress/config-myblog.example.com.phpPut the database settings and Debian content path in that file:
<?php
define('DB_NAME', 'wordpress');
define('DB_USER', 'wordpress');
define('DB_PASSWORD', 'replace-with-a-strong-secret');
define('DB_HOST', 'localhost');
define('WP_CONTENT_DIR', '/var/lib/wordpress/wp-content');
?>Replace the password with the same secret used when creating the MariaDB user. Keep the file readable by the web process but protected from unrelated users; use the ownership and mode recommended in /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.Debian for your Debian release.
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Understand the filename lookup
Debian’s package chooses configuration files according to the HTTP hostname. The hostname-specific form above is the safest choice for a named virtual host. Debian also documents config-example.com.php and config-default.php fallback choices. A request that arrives with a different host header can therefore select a different file or fail to find the values you expected. Make the Apache ServerName, DNS name and configuration filename agree.
Complete the installation in a browser
Open the site at:
http://myblog.example.com/wpDebian documents this path redirecting to /wp/wp-admin/install.php. The normal WordPress screen asks for the site title, administrator account, administrator password and email address. Choose a unique administrator name and a password that is not reused elsewhere. If the site is public, complete the HTTPS setup before entering credentials over the network.
If the browser cannot resolve the domain yet, use the server’s local hostname for a private test or correct DNS first. Do not treat a successful page load from one machine as proof that the public DNS, firewall and virtual host are correct; those are separate network paths.
Verify the stack before adding content
Confirm the request reaches the intended virtual host
The page should be generated by WordPress, not an Apache directory index or the default Debian landing page. The URL should retain the /wp path during the documented redirect. If another site appears, check the browser’s hostname, DNS records, the ServerName value and which sites are enabled.
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Confirm PHP is being executed
A PHP download prompt or source code displayed in the browser means Apache is serving the file as static text. Check that the PHP Apache integration and the MySQL connector are installed for your Debian release, that DirectoryIndex index.php is present, and that the WordPress virtual host is the enabled one. Inspect Apache’s error log after each configuration change.
Confirm the content alias
Uploads and installed extensions use /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content. If the administration screen reports that it cannot write uploads, verify the alias and the directory block in wp.conf, then check the directory ownership and permissions recommended by Debian. Do not move the content directory to an upstream-tarball path without also changing the Debian configuration.
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Apply Debian security updates
Debian specifically directs administrators to update the WordPress package and its dependencies through APT:
sudo apt update
sudo apt upgradeReview the proposed package changes, especially on a production site, and keep a current backup before a substantial upgrade. Debian’s package update path is one of the main reasons to stay with the distribution layout instead of mixing files from an upstream archive.
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Read the Debian maintenance notes
Before changing themes, plugins, content paths, multisite behavior or upgrade mechanics, read /usr/share/doc/wordpress/README.Debian. It records Debian-specific helper scripts and filesystem assumptions that generic WordPress tutorials do not cover.
Plan capacity realistically
The WordPress Hosting Handbook lists 128 MB as sufficient for a vanilla installation. That is a baseline, not a capacity plan: heavy plugins, complex themes, image processing, cron activity and traffic can require substantially more memory and CPU. Monitor the server after enabling real workloads and size PHP, MariaDB and storage accordingly.
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Troubleshoot the failures that occur most often
Database connection error
- Compare
DB_NAME,DB_USER,DB_PASSWORDandDB_HOSTin the hostname-specific PHP file with the database and account you created. - Check that the MariaDB service is running and accepting local connections.
- Verify that the WordPress account is granted privileges on
wordpress.*and that the account host islocalhostwhen the configuration usesDB_HOSTset tolocalhost. - Look at the MariaDB and Apache logs for authentication or connection errors instead of repeatedly changing the password.
Apache shows a directory listing or downloads PHP
- Confirm
DocumentRoot /usr/share/wordpressandDirectoryIndex index.phpare in the enabled virtual host. - Verify that PHP and the Debian MySQL connector are installed and that Apache’s PHP integration is active.
- Run an Apache configuration check, correct syntax errors, reload, and test again.
Permalinks return 404
Review Apache rewrite and module settings and then read the Debian README before adding rules copied from an unrelated installation method. Pretty-permalink instructions for an upstream archive may assume a different document root or override policy than this package configuration.
The wrong configuration file is loaded
Check the hostname in the browser request, Apache’s ServerName, and the spelling of config-myblog.example.com.php. Debian selects the first matching configuration based on the HTTP hostname, so a request sent to an IP address or an alternate alias can bypass the file you edited.
Debian package versus an upstream archive
| Decision | Debian package approach | Upstream archive approach |
|---|---|---|
| Filesystem layout | /usr/share/wordpress for application files and /var/lib/wordpress/wp-content for content |
Uses the archive’s chosen web-root layout |
| Configuration | Hostname-based files under /etc/wordpress |
Normally follows the archive’s own configuration placement |
| Updates | Managed with Debian’s package tools | Managed separately from Debian’s package database |
| Best fit | Administrators who want Debian integration and a consistent update path | Administrators who deliberately need the upstream release workflow and can maintain its layout |
Neither choice is automatically safer. The operational risk comes from mixing them: an Apache alias from one method, a configuration file from another and application files from a third can produce missing uploads, failed upgrades or an unexpected database connection.
Single-site, private and public deployments
Single-site virtual host
The virtual host in this guide is appropriate when one hostname serves one WordPress site. It makes the document root, content alias and configuration filename easy to audit. Add additional sites as separate virtual hosts with their own hostnames and database accounts rather than reusing the first site’s credentials.
Private or local installation
A local hostname and HTTP can be acceptable while learning or testing on a network that is not exposed to untrusted users. Even in that setting, use a dedicated database account and keep the configuration file protected. Treat a private test as disposable only after you have verified that you can restore its database and content.
Public production site
A public deployment needs resolvable DNS, HTTPS, regular Debian updates, backups of both the database and wp-content, and a review of firewall and administrative access. The current WordPress requirements also call for PHP 8.3 or newer and MariaDB 10.11 or newer or MySQL 8.0 or newer. If the Debian release supplies older versions, choose a supported upgrade path before opening the site to the internet.
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Operational checklist
- Supported Debian release with shell and root or
sudoaccess - Resolvable hostname and a browser that can reach the server
- Apache, MariaDB, PHP and the Debian WordPress package installed through APT
- MariaDB hardened with
mysql_secure_installation - Separate WordPress database and least-scope application account
- Apache virtual host using
/usr/share/wordpressand the/wp-contentalias - Matching
/etc/wordpress/config-hostname.phpvalues - Browser setup completed at
/wp - HTTPS, backups and an update schedule before public launch
Once these checks pass, Debian’s package layout gives you a predictable WordPress installation: Apache serves the packaged application, MariaDB stores site data through a dedicated account, and content remains in Debian’s designated writable directory. Keep that separation intact as you add themes, plugins and additional sites.
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