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Run Django behind Apache with mod_wsgi in daemon mode: point WSGIScriptAlias at the project’s wsgi.py, put the virtual-environment prefix in python-home, add the project directory with python-path, and route the virtual host to the matching WSGIProcessGroup. Serve static and uploaded media through Apache aliases rather than Django itself. This arrangement gives each site an isolated process group and is the deployment mode the Django documentation recommends on non-Windows platforms.
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How Apache, mod_wsgi and Django fit together
A browser request first reaches Apache. The virtual host evaluates URL rules; requests matching the WSGI mount are handed to mod_wsgi. mod_wsgi starts or reuses Python worker processes, imports the WSGI application exposed by your project’s wsgi.py, and passes the request into Django. Django returns a response, which mod_wsgi gives back to Apache.
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WSGIScriptAlias performs the crucial URL-to-file mapping. Its first argument is the URL base, such as / or /game/; its second is the absolute path to the WSGI script. The matching request is then handled by the WSGI application instead of being served as a normal file. WSGIProcessGroup selects the daemon process group that should execute the application. The name must exactly match the name used in WSGIDaemonProcess.
In daemon mode, Python runs in dedicated mod_wsgi processes rather than inside Apache’s general worker processes. That separation is useful when a server hosts more than one Django site or when you need to restart one application without disturbing unrelated Apache modules and sites.
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Prerequisites and a predictable project layout
Before editing Apache, establish four facts:
- Apache is installed and can load
mod_wsgi. - The mod_wsgi module was compiled for the same base Python version used to create the application’s virtual environment. A virtual environment made with a different Python base version is not a supported substitute.
- You know the absolute path to the project directory—the directory from which the Django project package can be imported.
- You know the absolute path to the WSGI file, normally
<project>/<project-package>/wsgi.py.
A common layout looks like this:
/srv/example.com/ application root
├── venv/ virtual environment
├── manage.py
├── mysite/ Django project package
│ ├── __init__.py
│ ├── settings.py
│ ├── urls.py
│ └── wsgi.py
├── static/ collected static files
└── media/ uploaded filesThe directory passed as python-path should be /srv/example.com in this example, because that is where Python can find the mysite package. The python-home value should be /srv/example.com/venv, the virtual-environment prefix itself—not /srv/example.com/venv/bin.
Configure a Django site in daemon mode
1. Confirm the Python and mod_wsgi pairing
Find which Python interpreter was used to build mod_wsgi and create the virtual environment with that same base version. The important compatibility boundary is the interpreter version embedded in mod_wsgi; changing only the executable selected in a shell does not change the Python version that an already-built module uses.
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Install the project’s dependencies into the virtual environment, set Django’s production settings, and ensure the WSGI module can import the settings module named in wsgi.py. Keep the environment’s package installation separate from the system Python so Apache does not accidentally load unrelated global modules.
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2. Add a daemon process definition and virtual host
The following is a representative configuration. Substitute your own domain, paths, and Django package name:
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerName example.com
WSGIDaemonProcess example.com
python-home=/srv/example.com/venv
python-path=/srv/example.com
WSGIProcessGroup example.com
WSGIScriptAlias / /srv/example.com/mysite/wsgi.py
<Directory /srv/example.com/mysite>
<Files wsgi.py>
Require all granted
</Files>
</Directory>
Alias /static/ /srv/example.com/static/
<Directory /srv/example.com/static>
Require all granted
</Directory>
Alias /media/ /srv/example.com/media/
<Directory /srv/example.com/media>
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>Each directive has a distinct job:
WSGIDaemonProcess: creates a named daemon group.python-homeselects the virtual-environment prefix.python-pathadds the project directory to Python’s module search path. If the project imports from a parent directory or another local package, include the directory that actually makes those imports work.WSGIProcessGroup: assigns this virtual host to the named daemon group. A spelling or punctuation mismatch leaves the virtual host attached to the wrong group or prevents the intended isolation.WSGIScriptAlias: maps the URL base to the absolute WSGI script. With/, every URL not claimed by another Apache rule is sent to Django.<Directory>and<Files>: grant Apache permission to read the WSGI script without opening the entire application tree for arbitrary file serving.Alias: serves files directly from Apache. It keeps static and media requests out of Django’s request path.
3. Check, enable and reload safely
- Save the virtual-host configuration in the location used by your Apache installation.
- Run Apache’s configuration test command (commonly
apachectl configtestor the equivalent for your platform). Correct every syntax, module, path, and permission error before reloading. - Enable the virtual host and ensure the mod_wsgi module is loaded. The exact enablement command differs by operating system; use the mechanism provided by your Apache package.
- Reload Apache through your service manager. A reload applies configuration without a full machine restart, but watch the error log while doing it.
- Request the site’s health endpoint or home page. A successful response confirms that Apache reached Django; it does not by itself prove that static aliases, media permissions, or every application import is correct.
Static files, the admin, and uploaded media
Django’s development server can serve static assets during development, but a non-development arrangement should not rely on Django to deliver them. Run your deployment’s collectstatic operation so application and admin assets are copied into the directory configured as STATIC_ROOT. The Apache Alias /static/ target must be that resulting directory.
The Django admin has its own static assets. If the admin loads without styling or scripts, the usual cause is that the collection step was skipped, STATIC_ROOT points elsewhere, or the Apache alias does not match Django’s STATIC_URL. Check the browser’s requested URL and compare it character-for-character with the alias, including the trailing slash.
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Uploaded files are media, not static assets. Set Django’s MEDIA_ROOT and MEDIA_URL, ensure the media directory exists, and map MEDIA_URL to it with a separate Apache alias. Give Apache read access to files it must deliver and write access only where your upload design requires it. Do not place secrets, source-control metadata, virtual-environment files, or the entire application root under a broad public alias.
Embedded mode versus daemon mode
mod_wsgi can run Python inside Apache’s own worker processes (embedded mode) or in dedicated daemon processes. Django’s documentation states: “Daemon mode is the recommended mode for running mod_wsgi (on non-Windows platforms).” The practical differences are:
| Concern | Embedded mode | Daemon mode |
|---|---|---|
| Process isolation | Python shares Apache worker processes and their address space. | Python runs in named, dedicated mod_wsgi processes. |
| Interaction with Apache modules | Application code shares the process with other loaded modules, increasing the consequences of module-level conflicts. | The Django process group is separated from Apache’s general workers, reducing cross-application interference. |
| Restart behavior | Code changes and Python state can require broader Apache worker restarts. | You can restart or recycle the application’s daemon group with less impact on unrelated virtual hosts, subject to your process-management setup. |
| Memory footprint | Python memory is part of Apache worker processes; the total cost depends on Apache’s worker model and loaded modules. | Dedicated processes consume their own memory, but that cost is easier to account for per application. |
| Multiple Django sites | Sites share the embedded Apache process space. | Each site can have its own daemon process group and Python path, making version and configuration boundaries clearer. |
Embedded mode can be appropriate for a narrowly controlled legacy setup, but it offers less isolation and makes Python application restarts and memory behavior harder to separate from Apache. For a new non-Windows deployment, start with daemon mode and create a distinct process group for each Django site.
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Security boundaries that matter
Limit what Apache can serve
Grant access to the WSGI script through a focused <Directory>/<Files> rule. Do not grant broad access to the project root simply because the WSGI file is nested there. Keep source files, settings, migration code, and the virtual environment outside public aliases.
Protect the WSGI handler binding
WSGIScriptAlias must remain active after every configuration change. If its handler binding is accidentally removed or overridden, Apache can fall back to treating a .py file as a static document. That can expose source code and configuration. After edits, test a normal application URL and review the response headers and body; a Python source listing is an urgent configuration failure, not an application bug.
Use an appropriate service account
Run Apache under the service account selected by your operating system and deployment policy. The account needs read and execute permission to the application and virtual-environment paths, read permission for static and media files, and only the minimum write permissions required for uploads, logs, caches, or other explicitly designed locations.
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Keep secrets out of source files
Supply database credentials, secret keys, and other sensitive settings through the deployment environment or a protected configuration mechanism. Restrict who can read that environment and the Apache configuration. Never make a secrets directory reachable through a static or media alias.
Troubleshoot failures in a useful order
Apache reports that mod_wsgi is missing or will not start
- Confirm the module is loaded in Apache’s active configuration.
- Check that mod_wsgi was compiled for the Python version used by the virtual environment.
- Read the Apache error log for the first load-time error; later import errors may only be consequences.
The site returns an import error
- Verify
python-homeis the virtual-environment prefix, not itsbindirectory. - Verify
python-pathcontains the directory from which the Django project package imports. For the sample layout, that is/srv/example.com, not/srv/example.com/mysite. - Confirm required packages are installed in that virtual environment rather than only in a shell user’s global Python installation.
- Check that
wsgi.pynames the correct settings module and that the settings module can be imported without relying on an interactive shell.
Apache returns 403 or cannot open wsgi.py
- Confirm the file exists at the exact absolute path in
WSGIScriptAlias. - Check filesystem traversal permissions on every parent directory.
- Confirm the
<Directory>rule covers the directory containing the script and that<Files wsgi.py>grants access. - Check Apache’s error log for the precise path that was denied.
The application is served by the wrong process group
Compare the names in WSGIDaemonProcess and WSGIProcessGroup exactly. If two virtual hosts use the same group name unintentionally, they can share a Python process boundary and path configuration you meant to keep separate. Give each Django site its own unambiguous name.
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- Inspect the requested URL in the browser and compare it with Django’s
STATIC_URL. - Confirm
collectstaticcompleted and that the requested file exists belowSTATIC_ROOT. - Confirm the Apache
Aliaspoints to that same directory and that its<Directory>rule grants read access. - Repeat the checks for the admin’s CSS and JavaScript paths; they are static files and need the same handling.
Media downloads fail while static files work
Static and media are separate trees. Verify MEDIA_URL, MEDIA_ROOT, the /media/ alias, and permissions independently. A correct static alias says nothing about uploaded-file routing.
Changes appear to have no effect
First verify that Apache accepted the new configuration and was reloaded. Then inspect the error log and confirm the request is reaching the expected virtual host. In daemon mode, old Python processes may retain imported code until they are recycled; use the process-management method appropriate to your Apache installation rather than changing application code blindly.
Deployment checklist
- mod_wsgi is loaded and its Python version matches the virtual environment’s base Python version.
python-homepoints to the virtual-environment prefix.python-pathpoints to the directory that makes the Django project importable.WSGIScriptAliasnames an existingwsgi.pyfile and the matching<Directory>/<Files>rule grants access.WSGIProcessGroupexactly matches the intended daemon-process name.- Each Django site has its own process group when isolation is required.
- Static files have been collected into
STATIC_ROOT, and Apache aliases that directory. - Uploaded media has its own alias, permissions, and storage policy.
- The application root, settings, virtual environment, and secrets are not exposed by public aliases.
- Apache’s configuration test passes, the service reload succeeds, and the error log is clean during a real request.
What a healthy request path looks like
A request for /static/admin/css/base.css should be answered by Apache’s static alias without starting Django URL resolution. A request for /accounts/login/ should match WSGIScriptAlias, enter the named daemon process group, import the WSGI application from the configured virtual environment, and then be resolved by Django. A request for an uploaded file under /media/ should be answered by the media alias and never be interpreted as a Django view unless you intentionally designed it that way. Testing one URL from each category gives a fast end-to-end check of the configuration boundaries.
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