Do these 3 things before closing this tab:
1Clear out junk files and repair common Windows errors2Fix the driver behind crashes, sound loss and screen glitches3Repair Windows errors before they cause bigger problemsPut each website in its own server { ... } file, make sure the main NGINX configuration includes that file, give the site a matching server_name, test the complete configuration, and reload NGINX. Ubuntu and Debian packages normally use /etc/nginx/sites-available/ plus symlinks in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/. Other installations commonly load *.conf files from /etc/nginx/conf.d/. The split is organizational; a file has no effect until the active nginx.conf includes it.
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How separate NGINX files fit together
NGINX serves multiple websites through virtual hosting. For HTTP traffic, one or more server blocks live inside the http { } context. Each block describes a site’s listening address and port, host names, document root, indexes, and URI handling. A location { } block belongs inside a server block and controls requests for matching paths.
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The main configuration file is usually called nginx.conf. It is the configuration NGINX starts with; separate files are read only through an include directive in that file or in a file that it includes. Consequently, creating a file in a familiar directory does not automatically enable it. Always verify the include path used by the running installation.
Splitting sites has practical advantages:
- One site can be edited without searching through a large monolithic file.
- A site can be enabled or disabled independently.
- Configuration changes are easier to review and back up by site.
- Syntax errors can be associated with the file that introduced them.
Separate files do not create isolation. NGINX still merges them into one effective configuration, so duplicate names, conflicting listeners, and an unexpected default server can affect more than one site.
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Choose the layout used by your installation
| Layout | Source-file directory | How a site is enabled | Typical advantage | How to disable one site |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ubuntu/Debian package convention | /etc/nginx/sites-available/ |
Create a symlink in /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ |
Matches the documented multi-site workflow on these distributions | Remove the individual symlink while retaining the source file |
| Include-based layout | /etc/nginx/conf.d/ |
Place a matching file such as example.test.conf where an include loads it |
Portable across installations that use the upstream-style directory | Move the file out of the included directory or change its extension so the pattern no longer matches |
Ubuntu’s server documentation describes sites-available and sites-enabled for multiple websites. Debian documents the enabled entries as symlinks to files in sites-available, while treating conf.d/*.conf as an additional configuration directory. F5 NGINX documentation describes splitting feature-specific configuration into /etc/nginx/conf.d and loading it from the main file.
Do not assume that a distribution’s directory exists or is active. A custom build, container image, or vendor package may use a different prefix and include pattern.
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First find the binary’s compiled paths and then inspect the configuration it actually reads.
- Run
nginx -VLook for the configured prefix and the path supplied for the main configuration file. Use
sudoif the binary or its directories are restricted. - Open the reported
nginx.confand locate thehttp { }section. Search for lines such asinclude /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;orinclude /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;. - Confirm that the include appears inside
http { }when it loads HTTPserverblocks. An include placed only inevents { }, or outside the proper context, cannot load an HTTP server block correctly. - Record the exact pattern. A file named
example.testis loaded by a wildcard such assites-enabled/*, but not byconf.d/*.confunless its name ends in.conf.
When the configuration path is uncertain, sudo nginx -T prints the tested, merged configuration. The output includes files pulled in by include directives and is useful for confirming that a new site is really part of the running configuration.
Set up a site on Ubuntu or Debian
The following example creates a static site named example.test. Replace the domain and paths with values for your own site. The example assumes the package has an active sites-enabled/* include.
1. Create the document root
sudo mkdir -p /srv/example.test/html
sudo sh -c 'printf "%sn" "Example site" > /srv/example.test/html/index.html'The directory is only an example; choose a location appropriate for your deployment. Put the site’s actual files in this document root and ensure the NGINX worker can read them. The configuration below does not grant write access or create application users.
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2. Write one complete server block
Create /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.test:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.test www.example.test;
root /srv/example.test/html;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}This block listens on IPv4 and IPv6 port 80, accepts requests whose host header is example.test or www.example.test, serves files below the declared root, and uses index.html for directory requests. try_files checks the requested path and returns HTTP 404 when neither a file nor a directory exists.
Keep the block self-contained: a site file should include the directives needed by that site rather than relying on an accidental order in another site’s file. Shared settings can be factored into a separate included file later, but test the merged result after every change.
3. Enable the site with a symlink
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.test
/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/example.testThe source remains in sites-available; the symlink is the enablement switch. If the link already exists, inspect it before replacing it so you do not hide a different configuration.
4. Decide what to do with the packaged default site
Many Ubuntu and Debian installations enable a default server. If its behavior is not wanted, inspect it and remove only its enablement symlink:
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5. Test the complete configuration
sudo nginx -tA successful test reports that the syntax is valid and that the configuration test is successful. A failure identifies a file and line number; fix that error before attempting a reload. Testing is important because NGINX evaluates the merged configuration, not just the file you edited.
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6. Reload without stopping NGINX
sudo systemctl reload nginxA reload asks the running service to apply the validated configuration while existing workers finish current requests. If the service manager reports a failure, inspect its status and logs rather than repeatedly reloading an unverified file.
Set up a site with conf.d
Use this procedure when the active nginx.conf contains an include such as:
http {
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}The include must be in the HTTP context for HTTP server blocks. Do not add a second include merely because the directory exists; duplicate or overlapping patterns can load the same file twice.
1. Create a file that matches the include pattern
sudo editor /etc/nginx/conf.d/example.test.confPut the same complete server block in that file:
server {
listen 80;
listen [::]:80;
server_name example.test www.example.test;
root /srv/example.test/html;
index index.html;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
}The .conf suffix matters when the include uses *.conf. A file with another suffix will remain on disk but will not be read by that pattern.
2. Test and reload
sudo nginx -t
sudo systemctl reload nginxUse the same test-before-reload discipline as with the Debian-style layout. To disable this site later, remove or rename the matching file, run nginx -t, and reload only after the test succeeds. Keep a copy in a separate configuration directory or version-control system if you need an easy rollback.
Give every site a distinct identity
server_name must match the request
NGINX uses the requested host name, supplied in the HTTP Host header, to choose among server blocks that share an address and port. Include every name the site should answer for, such as the bare domain and its www form. A typo, missing alias, or request made directly to an IP address can send traffic to another server block.
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DNS is a separate requirement. The domain’s records must point to the machine running NGINX; a perfectly valid server block cannot receive a request that resolves elsewhere. Test with the real host name and, where appropriate, an explicit request to the server’s address while supplying the intended host header.
Choose compatible listen settings
Each server block needs listening settings appropriate to the traffic it handles. The example uses port 80 on both IPv4 and IPv6. Several domains can share port 80 or 443 when their server_name values distinguish them, but two blocks cannot both claim the same address and port as an unconditional default without creating a conflict. Follow the complete syntax supported by the installed package and verify it with nginx -t.
Ubuntu’s documented introductory example calls for a unique server_name and a different listen port number for each site. That wording describes its example arrangement; real name-based hosting commonly places multiple domains on the same web port. The deciding factors are the actual listen directives, name matching, and whether one block is marked default_server.
Understand default servers and ordering
If no server block matches the requested name, NGINX sends the request to the default server for that listening address and port. An explicitly marked default_server takes that role; otherwise, NGINX uses the first suitable server for the address and port in the effective configuration order.
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This explains a common symptom: nginx -t passes, but a browser shows the distribution’s welcome page. The new file may be loaded correctly while the request’s host name does not match, DNS may point to another machine, or the old default site may still be enabled. Use sudo nginx -T to see the merged order, the active default, and every loaded server_name.
Validate changes safely
- Test after every edit: Run
sudo nginx -tbefore any reload. - Inspect the merged view: Run
sudo nginx -Twhen diagnosing includes, ordering, duplicate definitions, or an unexpected default. - Reload only a passing configuration: Use
sudo systemctl reload nginxafter a successful test. - Keep the last known-good file: A version-control commit or dated backup makes rollback straightforward.
- Check service output: If a reload fails, inspect service status and NGINX error logs for the exact file and line involved.
Syntax validation checks whether NGINX can parse and assemble the configuration. It does not prove that DNS is correct, files exist under the document root, permissions allow reads, or the intended host name reaches this server. Those operational checks must follow a successful configuration test.
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Troubleshoot the most common failures
The new site is ignored completely
- Confirm the file is in a directory covered by an active
include. - Check the filename against the wildcard. For
conf.d/*.conf, use a.confsuffix. - Run
sudo nginx -Tand search its output for the file’s distinctiveserver_name. - Verify that the include is inside
http { }for an HTTP server block.
NGINX refuses to reload
- Run
sudo nginx -tand correct the reported line first. - Check braces, semicolons, directive spelling, and file paths.
- Look for a duplicate or conflicting
listendeclaration introduced by another enabled file. - Do not delete unrelated files to make the error disappear; identify which include created the conflict.
The wrong site answers
- Confirm the browser’s host name exactly matches a
server_namein the intended block. - Check DNS records and IPv4 versus IPv6 resolution.
- Inspect
default_serverdeclarations and the effective order withnginx -T. - Remove an unwanted default-site symlink only after checking what it currently serves.
The site returns 404 for an existing-looking URL
- Verify that
rootpoints to the directory containing the requested file. - Check the path and filename, including case on case-sensitive filesystems.
- Review the
try_filesbehavior. The sample intentionally returns 404 when neither a file nor a directory matches. - Inspect the NGINX error log after confirming the request reached the intended server block.
The test passes but requests still fail
A passing syntax test means only that NGINX accepted the configuration. Confirm that the service actually reloaded, that DNS reaches this host, that the document root contains the content, and that the worker process can read it. Service status and error logs distinguish a routing problem from a filesystem or deployment problem.
Organize additional sites consistently
For a second site, repeat the same pattern with a different filename, document root, server_name, and any site-specific locations. On Ubuntu or Debian, create its source file in sites-available and a corresponding symlink in sites-enabled. On an include-based installation, create another matching file in conf.d. Avoid editing the central nginx.conf for every new domain; edit it only when the include policy itself needs to change.
Use descriptive names that make the relationship obvious, such as example.test or example.test.conf. Keep one logical site per file unless two blocks are intentionally coupled, for example a separate HTTP and HTTPS block for the same domain. Document which names and ports each file owns so a future change does not accidentally overlap another site.
Before removing a site, disable its symlink or move its included file, test the resulting configuration, and reload. Retaining the source file makes temporary maintenance, rollback, and later re-enablement safer than deleting the configuration outright.
A repeatable workflow for every new domain
- Confirm the active main configuration path with
nginx -V. - Locate the include that loads site files and identify its required directory and filename pattern.
- Create the document root and deploy the site content.
- Write one complete
serverblock with the intendedlisten,server_name,root, andlocationdirectives. - Enable it with a symlink or by placing the file where the include pattern matches.
- Run
sudo nginx -t. - Use
sudo nginx -Tif you need to verify inclusion, ordering, or default-server behavior. - Reload with
sudo systemctl reload nginx. - Test the real domain, then check logs if the response does not come from the intended block.
This workflow keeps site-specific work in separate files while preserving one authoritative validation point: the fully merged NGINX configuration that the service will actually load.
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